Lontostoa, päkitteä ja örnästä:deskriptiiviset liikeverbit Pienessä Kainuun murteen verbisanastossa

Tiivistelmä. Tässä sanastontutkimusta, sanasemantiikkaa ja deskriptiiviverbien tutkimusta edustavassa pro gradu -tutkielmassa tutkin ”Pienen Kainuun murteen verbisanaston” liikeverbien semantiikkaa ja deskriptiivisyyttä. Minna ja Maiju Seppäsen vuodesta 2002 lähtien internetiin kokoamaan sanastoon kuuluu kokonaisuudessaan 132 murreverbiä merkityksineen ja esimerkkivirkkeineen, mutta varsinainen aineistoni koostuu 40 liikeverbistä. Olen selvittänyt, kuinka hyvin kunkin aineistossa esitetyn verbin tarkoite vastaa sanakirjoissa olevia samojen sanojen merkityksiä. Päätavoitteenani on ollut selvittää kyseisten verbien deskriptiivisyyttä aineistoni perusteella sekä tehdä näkyväksi se, mikä tekee juuri kyseisistä verbeistä deskriptiivisiä. Tämän olen toteuttanut siten, että olen muodostanut Jarvan (2003) ja Jääskeläisen (2013) väitöskirjojen pohjalta seitsemän deskriptiivisille verbeille ominaista piirrettä. Näistä piirteistä muodostetut luokat ovat monimerkityksisyys, merkityksen tilannesidonnaisuus, silmiinpistävyys ja affektiivisuus, äänteellinen variaatio, äänteiden distribuutio, suosikkijohtimet ja morfologiset kaavat sekä esiintyminen koloratiivikonstruktiossa. Olen analysoinut, missä aineiston lekseemeissä kukin piirre esiintyy ja miten se näkyy kyseisten verbien rakenteessa. Piirteiden esiintymismäärän perusteella olen tutkinut, mitkä sanat ovat erityisen deskriptiivissävyisiä ja missä verbeissä piirteitä esiintyy vähemmän. Aineiston kaikissa 40 sanassa on äänteiden distribuutiota. Suosikkijohtimia ja affektiivisuutta esiintyy kumpaakin 35 sanassa. Monimerkityksisyyttä on 32 lekseemissä. Äänteellistä variaatiota on 11 verbissä, neljä lekseemeistä esiintyy koloratiivikonstruktiossa, eikä tilannesidonnaisuutta ole yhdessäkään aineiston sanoista. Kokonaisuudessaan deskriptiivisiä piirteitä esiintyy aineistossa huomattavan paljon, sillä jokaisessa verbissä toteutuu 2–5 piirrettä. Piirteiden yleisyys aineistossa osoittaa osaltaan todeksi väittämän, jonka mukaan Kainuun murteissa, kuten muissakin savolaismurteissa, on erityisen paljon deskriptiivistä sanastoa. Valtaosalle aineiston verbeistä, jopa 29 lekseemille 40:stä, löytyy ainakin läheinen merkitys lähteiden kanssa. Näistä 17 verbin merkitykset ovat täsmäävät sekä aineistossa että käyttämissäni sanakirjalähteissä. 12 verbin kohdalla merkitykset ovat läheiset, mutta eivät aivan vastaavat. Viiden lekseemin merkitykset eroavat toisistaan aineistossa ja lähteissä, eikä kuudesta verbistä ole riittävästi tietoja, jotta semanttinen analyysi olisi mahdollista tehdä. Koska jokaisessa aineiston verbissä toteutuu vähintään kaksi deskriptiivistä piirrettä ja yleensä paljon useampi piirre ja kielitajunikin mukaan sanat ovat deskriptiivisiä, olen voinut melko yksiselitteisesti todeta kaikki aineiston sanat deskriptiivisiksi tai ainakin deskriptiivissävyisiksi. Valtaosalle aineiston verbeistä löytyy lähteistä ainakin läheinen merkitys, joten tarkoitteet ovat semanttisesti melko samankaltaisia

Search for new particles in an extended Higgs sector with four b quarks in the final state at s=13TeV

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)A search for a massive resonance X decaying to a pair of spin-0 bosons ϕ that themselves decay to pairs of bottom quarks, is presented. The analysis is restricted to the mass ranges mϕ from 25 to 100 GeV and mX from 1 to 3 TeV. For these mass ranges, the decay products of each ϕ boson are expected to merge into a single large-radius jet. Jet substructure and flavor identification techniques are used to identify these jets. The search is based on CERN LHC proton-proton collision data at s=13TeV, collected with the CMS detector in 2016–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138fb−1. Model-specific limits, where the two new particles arise from an extended Higgs sector, are set on the product of the production cross section and branching fraction for X→ϕϕ→(bb‾)(bb‾) as a function of the resonances' masses, where both the X→ϕϕ and ϕ→bb‾ branching fractions are assumed to be 100%. These limits are the first of their kind on this process, ranging between 30 and 1 fb at 95% confidence level for the considered mass ranges.Peer reviewe

Compressive stress-mediated p38 activation required for ER alpha plus phenotype in breast cancer

Breast cancer is now globally the most frequent cancer and leading cause of women's death. Two thirds of breast cancers express the luminal estrogen receptor-positive (ER alpha + ) phenotype that is initially responsive to antihormonal therapies, but drug resistance emerges. A major barrier to the understanding of the ER alpha-pathway biology and therapeutic discoveries is the restricted repertoire of luminal ER alpha + breast cancer models. The ER alpha + phenotype is not stable in cultured cells for reasons not fully understood. We examine 400 patient-derived breast epithelial and breast cancer explant cultures (PDECs) grown in various three-dimensional matrix scaffolds, finding that ER alpha is primarily regulated by the matrix stiffness. Matrix stiffness upregulates the ER alpha signaling via stress-mediated p38 activation and H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic regulation. The finding that the matrix stiffness is a central cue to the ER alpha phenotype reveals a mechanobiological component in breast tissue hormonal signaling and enables the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Subject terms: ER-positive (ER + ), breast cancer, ex vivo model, preclinical model, PDEC, stiffness, p38 SAPK. Reliable luminal estrogen receptor (ER alpha+) breast cancer models are limited. Here, the authors use patient derived breast epithelial and breast cancer explant cultures grown in several extracellular matrix scaffolds and show that ER alpha expression is regulated by matrix stiffness via stress-mediated p38 activation and H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic regulation.Peer reviewe

Mast cells and eosinophils in invasive breast carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inflammatory cells in the tumour stroma has gained increasing interest recently. Thus, we aimed to study the frequency and prognostic impact of stromal mast cells and tumour infiltrating eosinophils in invasive breast carcinomas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Tissue microarrays containing 234 cases of invasive breast cancer were prepared and analysed for the presence of stromal mast cells and eosinophils. Tumour infiltrating eosinophils were counted on hematoxylin-eosin slides. Immunostaining for tryptase was done and the total number of mast cells were counted and correlated to the proliferation marker Ki 67, positivity for estrogen and progesterone receptors, clinical parameters and clinical outcome.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Stromal mast cells were found to correlate to low grade tumours and estrogen receptor positivity. There was a total lack of eosinophils in breast cancer tumours.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A high number of mast cells in the tumours correlated to low-grade tumours and estrogen receptor positivity. Eosinophils are not tumour infiltrating in breast cancers.</p

Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Asian Pterourus Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A Case of Intercontinental Dispersal from North America to East Asia

The phylogenetic status of the well-known Asian butterflies often known as Agehana (a species group, often treated as a genus or a subgenus, within Papilio sensu lato) has long remained unresolved. Only two species are included, and one of them especially, Papilio maraho, is not only rare but near-threatened, being monophagous on its vulnerable hostplant, Sassafras randaiense (Lauraceae). Although the natural history and population conservation of “Agehana” has received much attention, the biogeographic origin of this group still remains enigmatic. To clarify these two questions, a total of 86 species representatives within Papilionidae were sampled, and four genes (concatenated length 3842 bp) were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and historical scenarios. Surprisingly, “Agehana” fell within the American Papilio subgenus Pterourus and not as previously suggested, phylogenetically close to the Asian Papilio subgenus Chilasa. We therefore formally synonymize Agehana with Pterourus. Dating and biogeographic analysis allow us to infer an intercontinental dispersal of an American ancestor of Asian Pterourus in the early Miocene, which was coincident with historical paleo-land bridge connections, resulting in the present “East Asia-America” disjunction distribution. We emphasize that species exchange between East Asia and America seems to be a quite frequent occurrence in butterflies during the Oligocene to Miocene climatic optima.© 2015 Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

E-cadherin breast tumor expression, risk factors and survival : Pooled analysis of 5,933 cases from 12 studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium

E-cadherin (CDH1) is a putative tumor suppressor gene implicated in breast carcinogenesis. Yet, whether risk factors or survival differ by E-cadherin tumor expression is unclear. We evaluated E-cadherin tumor immunohistochemistry expression using tissue microarrays of 5,933 female invasive breast cancers from 12 studies from the Breast Cancer Consortium. H-scores were calculated and case-case odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression. Survival analyses were performed using Cox regression models. All analyses were stratified by estrogen receptor (ER) status and histologic subtype. E-cadherin low cases (N = 1191, 20%) were more frequently of lobular histology, low grade, > 2 cm, and HER2-negative. Loss of E-cadherin expression (score <100) was associated with menopausal hormone use among ER-positive tumors (ever compared to never users, OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.97-1.59), which was stronger when we evaluated complete loss of E-cadherin (i.e. H-score = 0), OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06-2.33. Breast cancer specific mortality was unrelated to E-cadherin expression in multivariable models. E-cadherin low expression is associated with lobular histology, tumor characteristics and menopausal hormone use, with no evidence of an association with breast cancer specific survival. These data support loss of E-cadherin expression as an important marker of tumor subtypes.Peer reviewe

Harmonization of Neuroticism and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium : an application of Item Response Theory

Peer reviewe

Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors. UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution are closely interlinked. Existing studies on the persistence of plastics do not fully consider these linkages, challenging global assessments of plastic dispersal, persistence, and weathering. Recently, an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee was tasked with developing an international binding agreement to end plastic pollution. In response, the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel assessed effects of UV radiation and interacting climate change factors on plastics, focusing on the durability of products as well as the production and dispersal of micro- and nano-plastic pollutants in the environment

Refined histopathological predictors of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status: A large-scale analysis of breast cancer characteristics from the BCAC, CIMBA, and ENIGMA consortia

Introduction: The distribution of histopathological features of invasive breast tumors in BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation carriers differs from that of individuals with no known mutation. Histopathological features thus have utility for mutation prediction, including statistical modeling to assess pathogenicity of BRCA1 or BRCA2 variants of uncertain clinical significance. We analyzed large pathology datasets accrued by the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) to reassess histopathological predictors of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status, and provide robust likelihood ratio (LR) estimates for statistical modeling. Methods: Selection criteria for study/center inclusion were estrogen receptor (ER) status or grade data available for invasive breast cancer diagnosed younger than 70 years. The dataset included 4,477 BRCA1 mutation carriers, 2,565 BRCA2 mutation carriers, and 47,565 BCAC breast cancer cases. Country-stratified estimates of the

Compressive stress-mediated p38 activation required for ERα + phenotype in breast cancer

Breast cancer is now globally the most frequent cancer and leading cause of women's death. Two thirds of breast cancers express the luminal estrogen receptor-positive (ER alpha + ) phenotype that is initially responsive to antihormonal therapies, but drug resistance emerges. A major barrier to the understanding of the ER alpha-pathway biology and therapeutic discoveries is the restricted repertoire of luminal ER alpha + breast cancer models. The ER alpha + phenotype is not stable in cultured cells for reasons not fully understood. We examine 400 patient-derived breast epithelial and breast cancer explant cultures (PDECs) grown in various three-dimensional matrix scaffolds, finding that ER alpha is primarily regulated by the matrix stiffness. Matrix stiffness upregulates the ER alpha signaling via stress-mediated p38 activation and H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic regulation. The finding that the matrix stiffness is a central cue to the ER alpha phenotype reveals a mechanobiological component in breast tissue hormonal signaling and enables the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Subject terms: ER-positive (ER + ), breast cancer, ex vivo model, preclinical model, PDEC, stiffness, p38 SAPK.Reliable luminal estrogen receptor (ER alpha+) breast cancer models are limited. Here, the authors use patient derived breast epithelial and breast cancer explant cultures grown in several extracellular matrix scaffolds and show that ER alpha expression is regulated by matrix stiffness via stress-mediated p38 activation and H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic regulation.</p