17 research outputs found
Activated microglia and neuroinflammation as a pathogenic mechanism in Leigh syndrome
Neuroinflammation is one of the main mechanisms leading to neuronal death and dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. The role of microglia as primary mediators of inflammation is unclear in Leigh syndrome (LS) patients. This study aims to elucidate the role of microglia in LS progression by a detailed multipronged analysis of LS neuropathology, mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells models of Leigh syndrome. We described brain pathology in three cases of Leigh syndrome and performed immunohistochemical staining of autopsy brain of LS patients. We used mouse model of LS (Ndufs4â/â) to study the effect of microglial partial ablation using pharmacologic approach. Genetically modified human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) derived neurons and brain organoid with Ndufs4 mutation were used to investigate the neuroinflammation in LS. We reported a novel observation of marked increased in Iba1+ cells with features of activated microglia, in various parts of brain in postmortem neuropathological examinations of three Leigh syndrome patients. Using an Ndufs4â/â mouse model for Leigh syndrome, we showed that partial ablation of microglia by Pexidartinib initiated at the symptom onset improved neurological function and significantly extended lifespan. Ndufs4 mutant LS brain organoid had elevated NLRP3 and IL6 pro-inflammatory pathways. Ndufs4-mutant LS iPSC neurons were more susceptible to glutamate excitotoxicity, which was further potentiated by IL-6. Our findings of LS human brain pathology, Ndufs4-deficient mouse and iPSC models of LS suggest a critical role of activated microglia in the progression of LS encephalopathy. This study suggests a potential clinical application of microglial ablation and immunosuppression during the active phase of Leigh syndrome
Fragebogen zur Behandlungszufriedenheit in der stationÀren Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie (FBZ-KJP) - Ergebnisse einer Schweizer Pilotstudie
Fragestellung: Die Patientenzufriedenheit ist ein etablierter QualitĂ€tsindikator fĂŒr medizinische Interventionen, welchen die KostentrĂ€ger im Gesundheitssystem zunehmend als Indikator heranziehen, um Unterschiede zwischen Kliniken sichtbar zu machen. Die Erfassung der Patientenzufriedenheit stellt die Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/-psychotherapie (KJPP) vor besondere Herausforderungen (Entwicklungsstand, Rolle der Eltern). Die bestehenden Patientenzufriedenheitsinstrumente erwiesen sich als zu unspezifisch, um die verschiedenen Aspekte einer stationĂ€ren KJPP-Behandlung abbilden zu können. Deshalb setzte sich eine Arbeitsgruppe im Auftrag der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fĂŒr Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie (SGKJPP) zum Ziel, ein psychometrisches Instrument fĂŒr die Patienten- und Elternzufriedenheit zu entwickeln, welches in den deutsch- und französischsprachigen Sprachregionen eingesetzt werden kann. Methodik: Die erste Anwendung und ĂberprĂŒfung dieses Fragebogens in einer multizentrischen Pilotstudie mit einer Stichprobe von 174 Patientinnen und Patienten und 145 Eltern aus sechs Kliniken wird in diesem Artikel vorgestellt. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen hervorragende TestgĂŒtekriterien des Instrumentariums (Cronbachs α = .93 bzw. α = .97 (Eltern-/Patientenversion). Die Fragebogenvarianten besitzen eine hohe konvergente ValiditĂ€t; die Korrelation zum Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) betrĂ€gt p = .80 bzw. .83 (Patienten-, Elternurteil). Zudem differenzieren sie zwischen den einzelnen Kliniken. Die Korrelationen zwischen Patienten- und Elternurteil liegen bei moderaten p = .29 fĂŒr den Gesamttest-Score und p = .39 fĂŒr den CSQ-8. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Fragebogen eignet sich fĂŒr die Beschreibung der QualitĂ€tsentwicklung in der KJPP und kann als Standardverfahren fĂŒr die Erfassung der Patientenzufriedenheit empfohlen werden.
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Objectives: Patient satisfaction is an established indicator for medical interventions. Existing questionnaires for the assessment of patient satisfaction in child and adolescent psychiatry are too global to target quality improvement in child and adolescent psychiatric hospitals. The assessment of patient satisfaction in child and adolescent psychiatry is very challenging because specific demands (development status, role of parents in treatment) have been taken into account. Therefore, an expert team leaded by the Swiss Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry developed a targeted instrument to assess patient satisfaction in both language regions (i. e., German and French). Methods: The article reviews the development of a new child and adolescent psychiatric questionnaire for the assessment of patient satisfaction as well as the findings of a survey conducted in a representative sample of 174 patients and 145 parents in six hospitals. Results: The internal consistency (Cronbachâs α = .93) is excellent. The questionnaire has high levels of both convergence and face validity, and the correlation with the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) is Ï = .80 (patient-report) and .83 (parent-report). Furthermore, this questionnaire reveals the relative strengths and weaknesses of individual hospitals. The correlation between patient and parent assessment is, as expected, moderate (Ï = .29, for the total score and Ï = .39 for the CSQ-8). Conclusions: The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire can be recommended to professionals as a standard for collecting data on client satisfaction within child and adolescent psychiatry
The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset Alzheimer's disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis
Multifactorial mechanisms underlying late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) are poorly characterized from an integrative perspective. Here spatiotemporal alterations in brain amyloid-ÎČ deposition, metabolism, vascular, functional activity at rest, structural properties, cognitive integrity and peripheral proteins levels are characterized in relation to LOAD progression. We analyse over 7,700 brain images and tens of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Through a multifactorial data-driven analysis, we obtain dynamic LOADâabnormality indices for all biomarkers, and a tentative temporal ordering of disease progression. Imaging results suggest that intra-brain vascular dysregulation is an early pathological event during disease development. Cognitive decline is noticeable from initial LOAD stages, suggesting early memory deficit associated with the primary disease factors. High abnormality levels are also observed for specific proteins associated with the vascular system's integrity. Although still subjected to the sensitivity of the algorithms and biomarkers employed, our results might contribute to the development of preventive therapeutic interventions
Conversion Discriminative Analysis on Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Multiple Cortical Features from MR Images
Neuroimaging measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging provide important information required for detecting changes related to the progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cortical features and changes play a crucial role in revealing unique anatomical patterns of brain regions, and further differentiate MCI patients from normal states. Four cortical features, namely, gray matter volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and mean curvature, were explored for discriminative analysis among three groups including the stable MCI (sMCI), the converted MCI (cMCI), and the normal control (NC) groups. In this study, 158 subjects (72 NC, 46 sMCI, and 40 cMCI) were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. A sparse-constrained regression model based on the l2-1-norm was introduced to reduce the feature dimensionality and retrieve essential features for the discrimination of the three groups by using a support vector machine (SVM). An optimized strategy of feature addition based on the weight of each feature was adopted for the SVM classifier in order to achieve the best classification performance. The baseline cortical features combined with the longitudinal measurements for 2 years of follow-up data yielded prominent classification results. In particular, the cortical thickness produced a classification with 98.84% accuracy, 97.5% sensitivity, and 100% specificity for the sMCIâcMCI comparison; 92.37% accuracy, 84.78% sensitivity, and 97.22% specificity for the cMCIâNC comparison; and 93.75% accuracy, 92.5% sensitivity, and 94.44% specificity for the sMCIâNC comparison. The best performances obtained by the SVM classifier using the essential features were 5â40% more than those using all of the retained features. The feasibility of the cortical features for the recognition of anatomical patterns was certified; thus, the proposed method has the potential to improve the clinical diagnosis of sub-types of MCI and predict the risk of its conversion to Alzheimer's disease
Quantitative 18F-AV1451 Brain Tau PET Imaging in Cognitively Normal Older Adults, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Recent developments of tau Positron Emission Tomography (PET) allows assessment of regional neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition in human brain. Among the tau PET molecular probes, 18F-AV1451 is characterized by high selectivity for pathologic tau aggregates over amyloid plaques, limited non-specific binding in white and gray matter, and confined off-target binding. The objectives of the study are (1) to quantitatively characterize regional brain tau deposition measured by 18F-AV1451 PET in cognitively normal older adults (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD participants; (2) to evaluate the correlations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and 18F-AV1451 PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR); and (3) to evaluate the partial volume effects on 18F-AV1451 brain uptake.Methods: The study included total 115 participants (CN = 49, MCI = 58, and AD = 8) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Preprocessed 18F-AV1451 PET images, structural MRIs, and demographic and clinical assessments were downloaded from the ADNI database. A reblurred Van Cittertiteration method was used for voxelwise partial volume correction (PVC) on PET images. Structural MRIs were used for PET spatial normalization and region of interest (ROI) definition in standard space. The parametric images of 18F-AV1451 SUVR relative to cerebellum were calculated. The ROI SUVR measurements from PVC and non-PVC SUVR images were compared. The correlation between ROI 18F-AV1451 SUVR and the measurements of MMSE, CSF total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) were also assessed.Results:18F-AV1451 prominently specific binding was found in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampus, fusiform, posterior cingulate, temporal, parietal, and frontal brain regions. Most regional SUVRs showed significantly higher uptake of 18F-AV1451 in AD than MCI and CN participants. SUVRs of small regions like amygdala, entorhinal cortex and parahippocampus were statistically improved by PVC in all groups (p < 0.01). Although there was an increasing tendency of 18F-AV-1451 SUVRs in MCI group compared with CN group, no significant difference of 18F-AV1451 deposition was found between CN and MCI brains with or without PVC (p > 0.05). Declined MMSE score was observed with increasing 18F-AV1451 binding in amygdala, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampus, and fusiform. CSF p-tau was positively correlated with 18F-AV1451 deposition. PVC improved the results of 18F-AV-1451 tau deposition and correlation studies in small brain regions.Conclusion: The typical deposition of 18F-AV1451 tau PET imaging in AD brain was found in amygdala, entorhinal cortex, fusiform and parahippocampus, and these regions were strongly associated with cognitive impairment and CSF biomarkers. Although more deposition was observed in MCI group, the 18F-AV-1451 PET imaging could not differentiate the MCI patients from CN population. More tau deposition related to decreased MMSE score and increased level of CSF p-tau, especially in ROIs of amygdala, entorhinal cortex and parahippocampus. PVC did improve the results of tau deposition and correlation studies in small brain regions and suggest to be routinely used in 18F-AV1451 tau PET quantification
Temperaments- und Charaktereigenschaften und selbstverletzendes Verhalten bei Jugendlichen
Selbstverletzendes Verhalten ist ein unter Jugendlichen weit verbreitetes Symptom. Die hohe PrĂ€valenz legt nahe, dass Untergruppen von Jugendlichen mit selbstverletzendem Verhalten zu differenzieren sind. Die aktuelle Diskussion um die dimensionale Diagnostik von Persönlichkeitsstörungen einerseits und die konsequentere Vergabe der Diagnose im Jugendalter andererseits unterstreicht den Wunsch nach einem Screeninginstrument fĂŒr Persönlichkeitsstörungen bei Selbstverletzern. Untersuchungen im Erwachsenenalter legen nahe, dass das Temperaments- und Charaktermodell von Cloninger einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Identifikation von Persönlichkeitsstörungen leisten kann. Die Jugendversion des Temperament- und Charakter-Inventars (JTCI) wurde in einer Stichprobe von 447 im Durchschnitt 15-jĂ€hrigen SchĂŒlern im neunten Schuljahr zum Einsatz gebracht, um zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen, inwiefern sich Jugendliche mit und ohne selbstverletzendem Verhalten bezĂŒglich ihrer Temperaments- und Charaktereigenschaften unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Jugendliche mit selbstverletzendem Verhalten eine signifikant niedrigere SelbstlenkungsfĂ€higkeit aufwiesen, was sich mit Vorbefunden aus dem Erwachsenenalter deckt. FĂŒr weitere Aussagen zur prognostischen ValiditĂ€t sollte der JTCI in LĂ€ngsschnittstudien mit selbstverletzenden und kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Inanspruchnahmepopulationen mit und ohne Persönlichkeitsstörungen eingesetzt werden
Wie psychisch belastet fĂŒhlen sich selbstverletzende Jugendliche?
In den letzten Jahren wurden zahlreiche PrĂ€valenzstudien zum selbstverletzenden Verhalten bei Heranwachsenden in unterschiedlichen LĂ€ndern veröffentlicht. Aus der Schweiz liegen jedoch keine belastbaren Zahlen vor. Kritisch ist bei der Vielzahl der Studien anzumerken, dass sich diese oft auf ein âeinfachesâ Feststellen der PrĂ€valenz beschrĂ€nken und kaum Hinweise fĂŒr eine effektive FrĂŒhintervention geben. Im Rahmen einer epidemiologischen Fragebogenuntersuchung im Kanton Basel-Stadt wurden 447 SchĂŒler (M = 14.95 Jahre, SD = 0.74, 52 % mĂ€nnlich) untersucht. Neben der Erfassung der Form und Art der Selbstverletzung wurde auch die psychische Belastung der SchĂŒler erfasst. Es sollte ĂŒberprĂŒft werden, wie viele Selbstverletzer sich im Screening fĂŒr psychische Störungen (SPS-J) als psychisch belastet beschreiben. 61 (13.6 %) Jugendliche gaben an, sich bereits mindestens einmal selbstverletzt zu haben. 29 (6.4 %) haben sich im letzten Monat selbst verletzt, 4 davon hĂ€ufiger als viermal. Die Ergebnisse bestĂ€tigten die hohen PrĂ€valenzraten fĂŒr selbstverletzendes Verhalten. Interessant ist, dass Selbstverletzer im Schnitt zwar wesentlich höhere Werte im SPS-J erzielten, sich aber bei weitem nicht alle als psychisch auffĂ€llig beschrieben (18 von 61 selbstverletzenden Jugendlichen erzielten unauffĂ€llige Werte). FĂŒr eine effektivere Identifikation sollten daher Fragen zum selbstverletzenden Verhalten in psychopathologische Screeningfragebögen integriert werden, um diese Symptomatik adĂ€quat abbilden zu können. Die Ergebnisse und die hohen PrĂ€valenzen legen nahe, dass verschiedene Subgruppen von Selbstverletzern existieren, die passgenaue Hilfen fĂŒr ihre Symptomatik benötigen. </jats:p
Fragebogen zur Behandlungszufriedenheit in der stationÀren Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie (FBZ-KJP)
Fragestellung: Die Patientenzufriedenheit ist ein etablierter QualitĂ€tsindikator fĂŒr medizinische Interventionen, welchen die KostentrĂ€ger im Gesundheitssystem zunehmend als Indikator heranziehen, um Unterschiede zwischen Kliniken sichtbar zu machen. Die Erfassung der Patientenzufriedenheit stellt die Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/-psychotherapie (KJPP) vor besondere Herausforderungen (Entwicklungsstand, Rolle der Eltern). Die bestehenden Patientenzufriedenheitsinstrumente erwiesen sich als zu unspezifisch, um die verschiedenen Aspekte einer stationĂ€ren KJPP-Behandlung abbilden zu können. Deshalb setzte sich eine Arbeitsgruppe im Auftrag der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fĂŒr Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie (SGKJPP) zum Ziel, ein psychometrisches Instrument fĂŒr die Patienten- und Elternzufriedenheit zu entwickeln, welches in den deutsch- und französischsprachigen Sprachregionen eingesetzt werden kann. Methodik: Vorgestellt wird die erste Anwendung und ĂberprĂŒfung des 'Fragebogen zur Behandlungszufriedenheit in der stationĂ€ren Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie' (FBZ-KJP) in einer multizentrischen Pilotstudie mit einer Stichprobe von 174 Patientinnen und Patienten und 145 Eltern aus sechs Kliniken. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigten hervorragende TestgĂŒtekriterien des Instrumentariums (Cronbachs alpha = .93 bzw. .97 (Eltern-/Patientenversion). Die Fragebogenvarianten wiesen eine hohe konvergente ValiditĂ€t auf; die Korrelation zum 'Client Satisfaction Questionnaire' (CSQ-8) betrug .80 bzw. .83 (Patienten-, Elternurteil). Zudem differenzierten sie zwischen den einzelnen Kliniken. Die Korrelationen zwischen Patienten- und Elternurteil lagen bei moderaten p = .29 fĂŒr den Gesamttest-Score und p = .39 fĂŒr den CSQ-8. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Fragebogen eignet sich fĂŒr die Beschreibung der QualitĂ€tsentwicklung in der KJPP und kann als Standardverfahren fĂŒr die Erfassung der Patientenzufriedenheit empfohlen werden
Bile Formation in Long-Term Ex Situ Perfused Livers
Background: Long-term ex situ liver perfusion may rescue injured grafts. Little is known about bile flow during long-term perfusion. We report the development of a bile stimulation protocol and motivate bile flow as a viability marker during long-term ex situ liver perfusion.
Methods: Porcine and human livers were perfused with blood at close to physiologic conditions. Our perfusion protocol was established during phase 1 with porcine livers (n = 23). Taurocholic acid was applied to stimulate bile flow. The addition of piperacillin-tazobactam (tazobac) and methylprednisolone was modified from daily bolus to controlled continuous application. We adapted the protocol to human livers (n = 12) during phase 2. Taurocholic acid was replaced with medical grade ursodeoxycholic acid.
Results: Phase 2: Despite administering taurocholic acid, bile flow declined from 29.3 ± 6.5 to 9.3 ± 1.4 mL/h (P < .001). Shortly after bolus of tazobac/methylprednisolone, bile flow recovered to 39.0 ± 9.7 mL/h with a decrease of solid bile components. This implied bile salt independent bile flow stimulation by tazobac/methylprednisolone. Phase 2: Ursodeoxycholic acid was shown to stimulate bile flow ex situ in human livers. Eight livers were perfused successfully for 1 week with continuous bile flow. The other 4 livers demonstrated progressive cell death, of which only 1 exhibited bile flow.
Conclusion: A lack of bile flow stimulation leads to a decline in bile flow and is not necessarily a sign of deterioration in liver function. Proper administration of stimulators can induce constant bile flow during ex situ liver perfusion for up to 1 week. Medical grade ursodeoxycholic acid is a suitable replacement for nonmedical grade taurocholic acid. The presence of bile flow alone is not sufficient to assess liver viability