BIOMATERIAIS DE TITÂNIO: PERSPECTIVAS DE APLICAÇÃO

O titânio pode ser utilizado como biomaterial devido a sua biocompatibilidade, resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas. Amostras de Ti-puro Nacional e Importada foram cortadas, embutidas, lixadas e polidas. A avaliação microestrutural e tamanho de grãos utilizando microscópio OptikaB-1000 revelou que o Ti-puro Nacional e Importado apresentam grãos homogêneos de 10 e 10,32μm, respectivamente, e estrutura cristalina alfa equiaxial. As microdurezas das amostras de Ti-puro Nacional e Importado obtidas com microdurômetro revelaram média de 171,4 e 168,6 Vickers (HV), respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as amostras de Ti-puro Nacional e Importado são semelhantes tanto em propriedades mecânicas como estruturais

DESENVOLVIMENTO E NACIONALIZAÇÃO DE PLACAS DE TITÂNIO PARA A FIXAÇÃO DE COSTELAS FRATURADAS.

O uso de materiais artificiais no corpo humano e em animais, está se tornando cada vez mais frequente, auxiliando na cicatrização ou substi tuição de ossos fraturados, correção de deformidades e restauração de funções perdidas por acidentes. Neste contexto, as ligas titânio tem se demonstrado como um excelente material, devido suas propriedades mecânicas e biocompatibilidade superior quando co mparadas a materiais já utilizados. Porém, na aplicação de ligas de titânio em implantes, é possível originar um efeito tóxico, resultante dos elementos de liga vanádio e alumínio. Por este motivo, outras classes de titânio vêm sendo utilizadas em implante s, como o titânio puro grau dois, que por não apresentar elementos de liga não oferece riscos tóxicos aos tecidos. Neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios mecânicos, metalográficos e análise química, tendo como base as propriedades de uma placa importada que cumpre a norma internacional de utilização do titânio para a aplicação em implantes cirúrgicos. A microestrutura de ambos os grupos foi analisada em um microscópio óptico, as durezas foram realizadas nas superfícies polidas dos dois materiais, a anális e química foi executada em um espectrômetro de emissão óptica, e ensaio de tração efetuados em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a microestrutura do titânio puro grau 2 é composta por grãos alfa, dureza aproximada de 177 HV e uma tensão de escoamento próximo à 350 Mpa. Os resultados apresentados condizem com a literatura e são coerentes com a placa importada, tornando o Titânio puro grau 2 qualificado para aplicação em implantes

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Porous electrodes containig TiO2 and WO3 : eletroctrochemical properties and photocatalytic activity for removal of Rodhamine 6G dye and 17 'alfa'-ethynylestradiol

Orientador: Cláudia LongoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de QuímicaResumo: Eletrodos de filmes porosos contendo TiO2 e WO3 foram preparados sobre vidro revestido com SnO2:F (FTO), a partir de suspensões aquosas de TiO2 Degussa P25®, precursores de WO3, polietileno glicol e aquecimento (450°C, 30 min). As amostras de TiO2 e WO3 apresentaram máximo de absorção respectivamente em 390 e 480 nm; valores intermediários foram observados para as misturas. Os filmes de TiO2, ca. 4,5 mm, consistem de partículas esféricas interconectadas (diâmetro 25 nm) resultando em superfície porosa e excelente cobertura do substrato. A presença de H2WO4 na suspensão de TiO2 resultou no filme TiO2/WO3, com morfologia semelhante porém menos poroso. O eletrodo de WO3 apresentou cobertura não uniforme, com partículas na forma de flocos (0,1-1 mm). A deposição de TiO2 sobre o WO3 resultou no eletrodo de WO3-TiO2, de morfologia similar a do TiO2. As propriedades eletroquímicas foram investigadas em solução aquosa de Na2SO4, na ausência de luz e sob irradiação policromática. Os eletrodos apresentaram comportamento de semicondutor tipo n, com fotopotencial negativo e fotocorrente anódica; a presença do WO3 promoveu um aumento na fotocorrente. Os eletrodos foram utilizados para remediação de solução aquosa do corante rodamina 6G (10 mmol L) nas configurações de fotocatálise heterogênea (FH) e FH eletroquimicamente assistida por polarização a 0,7 V (FHE). Sob irradiação, nas 3 h iniciais, observou-se cinética de pseudo-1a ordem para o descoramento da solução; em FH, os eletrodos de WO3, TiO2 e WO3-TiO2 promoveram respectivamente a remoção de 8, 34 e 38 % do corante (constante de velocidade aparente de 0,37x10; 2,3x10 e 2,8x10 min) e, na ausência de fotocatalisador, apenas 4%. Maior eficiência foi observada em FHE; para o WO3-TiO2, p.ex., houve remoção de 44% do corante (3,2x10 min). Os eletrodos também foram utilizados para tratamento de solução aquosa do hormônio 17 a-etinilestradiol (34 mmol L); após 4 h em condições de FH e FHE, a remediação com TiO2 resultou na degradação de 38 e 48 %, enquanto que o eletrodo de TiO2/WO3 promoveu a degradação de 45 e 54 %. Ambos os eletrodos promoveram mineralização semelhante do hormônio, 15 e 19 %, para as condições de FH e FHE; na ausência de fotocatalisador, observou-se degradação de 10 % (4 % de mineralização). A oxidação fotocatalítica dos poluentes com estes eletrodos foi discutida considerando diagramas de energia; na presença de WO3, além de se obter um maior aproveitamento da radiação visível, a posição favorável das bandas de condução e de valência de ambos os semicondutores promove a separação das cargas fotogeradas, o que minimiza sua recombinação e aumenta a eficiência do processo de oxidação dos compostos orgânicosAbstract: Porous films electrodes containing TiO2 and WO3 were deposited on SnO2:F (FTO) conducting glass from aqueous suspensions with TiO2 Degussa P25®, WO3 precursors and polyethylene glycol, followed by heating (450°C, 30 min). The maximum absorption was respectively observed at 390 and 480 nm for TiO2 and WO3 samples; intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. The TiO2 films, ca. 4.5 mm, consisted of interconnected spherical particles (25 nm), resulting in a porous surface and excellent substrate coverage. Adding H2WO4 on the TiO2 suspension resulted in the TiO2/WO3 film, with comparable morphology but less porous. The WO3 electrode exhibited a non-uniform surface coverage with disk shaped particles (0.1-1mm). The morphology of the bilayer WO3-TiO2, obtained from the deposition of a TiO2 film on the top of a WO3 electrode, was similar to that observed for TiO2. The electrochemical properties were investigated in Na2SO4 aqueous solution, in the dark and under polychromatic irradiation. The electrodes exhibited an n-type semiconductor behavior, with negative photopotential and anodic photocurrent; higher photocurrent was observed for electrodes containing WO3. The electrodes were used for remediation of Rhodamine 6G dye aqueous solution (10 mmol L) using the configurations for heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP) and electro assisted-HP by polarization at 0.7 V (EHP). Under irradiation, at the initial 3 h, a pseudo first order kinetics was observed for the dye solution bleaching; in HP configuration, the WO3, TiO2 and WO3-TiO2 electrodes promoted respectively 8, 34 and 38 % of dye removal (apparent rate constants of 0.37x10; 2.3x10 and 2.8x10 min) and, without photocatalysts, only 4 %. Higher efficiency was observed under EHP configuration; for WO3-TiO2, 44 % of dye was removed (3.2x10 min). Also, the electrodes were used for treatment of aqueous solution containing the 17 a-ethynylestradiol hormone (34 mmol L); after 4 h in HP and EHP configurations, the remediation with TiO2 resulted in degradation of 38 and 48 % of the hormone, and the TiO2/WO3 electrode promoted 45 and 54 %. HP and EHP configuration resulted in similar mineralization for both electrodes, 15 and 19 %, respectively; without the photocatalyst, 10 % of degradation was observed (4 % of mineralization). The dye and hormone photocatalytic oxidation by these electrodes was discussed considering energy diagrams; for the electrodes containing WO3, the better harvesting of visible radiation, as well as, the favorable relative position of valence and conduction band of these semiconductors, promotes the separation of photogenerated charges, which minimizes their recombination, improving the efficiency of organic compounds oxidationDoutoradoFísico-QuímicaDoutor em Ciência

Treatment of effluent by solar energy : electroassisted heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 nanocristalline electrodes and solar cells

Orientador: Claudia LongoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de QuimicaResumo: Desenvolveu-se um novo sistema para tratamento de água por fotocatálise heterogênea eletroassistida (FHE) constituído por um contraeletrodo de Pt e fotoeletrodo de TiO2 conectado a uma celula solar. O fotoeletrodo foi preparado pela deposição de um filme de nanopartículas de TiO2 em eletrodo transparente. O filme, com c.a. 4 mm de espessura, apresentou ótima transparência na região do visível, morfologia uniforme e estrutura porosa. A caracterização eletroquímica revelou comportamento típico de eletrodo semicondutor tipo-n. A atividade fotocatalítica foi investigada para oxidação de fenol em solução aquosa. Na configuração para fotocatálise heterogênea (FH), sob 100 mW cm- de irradiação policromática em banco óptico, o fotoeletrodo de TiO2 (1 cm) apresentou potencial de circuito aberto, Voc = 0,6 V e corrente de curto circuito, Isc = 0,03 mA. Sob irradiação e conectado a uma celula de TiO2/corante (Voc = 0,4 V e Isc = 0,64 mA), o sistema FHE apresentou Voc = 1 V e Isc = 0,05 mA. Na ausência de irradiação e sob aplicação de +1,1 V com um potenciostato, configuração eletroquímica (EQ), obteve-se Isc ~ 1 mA. Após 3 h, a mineralização de fenol, avaliada por medidas de carbono orgânico total, corresponderam a 24, 12 e 5 % para FHE, FH e EQ respectivamente. O sistema para tratamento de água foi investigado sob irradiação solar direta e com um simulador solar (lâmpada de vapor metálico). Na configuracao FH, obteve-se mineralização de 35 % após 4 h de irradiação. A conexão com uma célula solar de Si ou de TiO2/corante, resultou em mineralização de 60 e 80%, respectivamente. Análises de CLAE e espectroscopia UV-Vis indicaram menor concentracao de intermediários nas amostras tratadas com o sistema FHE. Os resultados demonstram que a conexão da célula solar ao eletrodo de TiO2 permite assistir eletroquimicamente o processo de fotocatálise heterogênea, o que resulta em maior mineralização de fenolAbstract: A new system for water decontamination by electro-assisted heterogeneous photocatalysis (EHP) was developed. The system consisted of a platinum counter-electrode and a TiO2 film electrode connected to a solar cell. The photoelectrode was prepared by deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles on transparent electrodes. The TiO2 films, c.a. 4 mm thick, were transparent and presented uniform and porous surface. Its electrochemical behavior was typical of an n-type semiconductor electrode. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 electrode was investigated for degradation of phenol in aqueous solution. For heterogeneous photocatalysis configuration (HP), under 100 mW cm- of polychromatic irradiation from an optical bench, the TiO2 electrode (1 cm) presented open circuit potential VOC = 0.6 V and short-circuit current ISC = 0.03 mA. Under irradiation and connected to a dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cell (VOC = 0.4 V and ISC = 0.64 mA), the EHP system presented VOC = 1.0 V and ISC = 0.05 mA. When the electrode was biased at + 1.1 V in the dark, electrochemical configuration (EC), ISC = 1 mA. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measurements revealed 24; 12 and 5 % of phenol degradation for samples treated for 3 h by EHP; HP and EC configuration, respectively. Experiments done under solar irradiation for 4 h, or using a metallic vapor lamp, revealed that HP configuration resulted in 35 % of TOC removal. The EHP process, by connection with silicon or a TiO2/dye solar cell, resulted respectively in 60 and 80 % of pollutant degradation. HPLC and UV-vis spectroscopy indicated smaller concentration of intermediate organic products for the samples irradiated in EPC configuration. The photocatalytic process can be electrochemically-assisted when a solar cell is connected to the TiO2 porous electrode, resulting in a higher efficiency towards phenol degradationMestradoFísico-QuímicaMestre em Químic

Sistema Para Purificação De água Utilizando Um Eletrodo De Tio2 Nanocristalino Para Remoção De Poluentes Orgánicos

SISTEMA PARA PURIFICAÇÃO DE ÁGUA UTILIZANDO UM ELETRODO DE TIO2 NANOCRISTALINO PARA REMOÇÃO DE POLUENTES ORGANICOS. A presente invenção trata-se de um sistema para purificação de água constituído por célula eletroquímica contendo um contra-eletrodo (de platina, cobre ou outro metal) e um eletrodo de filme poroso de TiO2 nanocristalino conectado externamente a uma célula solar. Sob irradiação solar, a célula solar produz eletricidade e a radiação ultravioleta induz o processo de separação de cargas do par eletran/lacuna, o que resulta na geração de radicais hidroxila na superfície de eletrodo de TiO2. Tais radicais hidroxila, que apresentam alto poder oxidante, degradam o poluente orgânico por oxidação, produzindo CO2 e agua. Como os eletrodos da célula eletroquímica são conectados em série com a célula solar, a energia elétrica gerada pela célula solar flui pelo sistema, tornando o processo de fotocatálise eletroquimicamente assistido. Por meio disso, o sistema se torna auto-suficiente energeticamente, e ainda promove uma inibição da recombinação do par eletron/lacuna, o que faz com que uma corrente major flua pelo sistema, tornando o processo de oxidação muito mais rapido e eficiente.BRPI0900374 (A2)C02F1/42B01D17/06BR2009PI00374C02F1/42B01D17/0

General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

International audienceSummaryBackground Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension.MethodsWe used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI).FindingsThe correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m² (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m² (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone.InterpretationBMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified