Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konversi Lahan Perkebunan Cengkeh di Desa Tolong Kecamatan Lede Kabupaten Pulau Taliabu Provinsi Maluku Utara

This study aims to determine the factors that affect the conversion of clove plantation land in Tolong Village, Lede District, Taliabu Island, North Maluku Province. The population of this study is all farmers who convert clove plantation (23 people) in Tolong Village, Lede District, Taliabu Regency, North Maluku Province. Sampling using purposive method (purposely) and samples were taken amounted to 23 people. The analytical method used is quantitative analysis with multiple linear regression analysis models. The results of this study indicate that the factors affecting the conversion of clove plantation in Tolong Village, Lede District, Taliabu Island, North Maluku Province, is the total price of clove trees sold, the production revenue and cost of

Faire l’Union. La refondation des parties de droite après les élections de 2002

Un nouveau parti de droite, pour le moment dénommé UMP, a été mis en place entre des deux tours de l'élection présidentielle. Cet article se donne pour objectif d'analyser les enjeux de cette transformation. La genèse de l'UMP permet de saisir dans quelle mesure un parti poli-tique peut être conçu comme la connexion d'un ensemble de systèmes de coopération organisés autour de postes à conquérir. En effet, l'impératif d'unification de la droite française est lié au décalage persistant existant entre les systèmes de coopération législatif et présidentiel. Mais les questions soulevées par cette fusion partisane (l'UMP inclut le RPR, DL et une majeure partie de l'UDF) montrent que cette vision ne peut suffire et que les partis ne sont pas seulement des systèmes de coopération mais aussi des systèmes de production. Dès lors, leurs logiques d'organisation internes pèsent sur ce travail de transformation du social en politique, de la plu-ralité en homogénéité. Dans le cas de l'UMP, il s'agit d'abord de mettre en commun des modes de fonctionnement, en particulier de définir la place et la légitimité accordées respectivement aux adhérents et aux élus, mais aussi d'organiser l'expression de la pluralité idéologique par la mise en place de courants

Why do authoritarian regimes provide public goods? Policy communities, external shocks and ideas in China’s rural social policy making

Recent research on authoritarian regimes argues that they provide public goods in order to prevent rebellion. This essay shows that the ‘threat of rebellion’ alone cannot explain Chinese party-state policies to extend public goods to rural residents in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Drawing on theories of policy making, it argues that China’s one-party regime extended public goods to the rural population under the influence of ideas and policy options generated by policy communities of officials, researchers, international organisations and other actors. The party-state centre adopted and implemented these ideas and policy options when they provided solutions to external shocks and supported economic development goals. Explanations of policies and their outcomes in authoritarian political systems need to include not only ‘dictators’ but also other actors, and the ideas they generate

Quality and Safety Aspects of Infant Nutrition

Quality and safety aspects of infant nutrition are of key importance for child health, but oftentimes they do not get much attention by health care professionals whose interest tends to focus on functional benefits of early nutrition. Unbalanced diets and harmful food components induce particularly high risks for untoward effects in infants because of their rapid growth, high nutrient needs, and their typical dependence on only one or few foods during the first months of life. The concepts, standards and practices that relate to infant food quality and safety were discussed at a scientific workshop organized by the Child Health Foundation and the Early Nutrition Academy jointly with the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and a summary is provided here. The participants reviewed past and current issues on quality and safety, the role of different stakeholders, and recommendations to avert future issues. It was concluded that a high level of quality and safety is currently achieved, but this is no reason for complacency. The food industry carries the primary responsibility for the safety and suitability of their products, including the quality of composition, raw materials and production processes. Introduction of new or modified products should be preceded by a thorough science based review of suitability and safety by an independent authority. Food safety events should be managed on an international basis. Global collaboration of food producers, food-safety authorities, paediatricians and scientists is needed to efficiently exchange information and to best protect public health. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base

Accelerated evidence synthesis in orthopaedics—the roles of natural language processing, expert annotation and large language models

peer reviewedIn an era of electronical medical records, rapidly expanding publication rates of medical knowledge, and large-scale registries, orthopaedics is in a dire need of innovative approaches to facilitate the adoption of the latest knowledge in clinical practice. While machine learning (ML) has been heralded as one solution to many research tasks hampered by previous technological limitations [12], there is an increasing need to direct our attention towards subdomains of ML that are convenient for the extraction of meaningful clinical information stored in medical records. We believe natural language processing (NLP) to be one such domain of ML, with an immense future potential to catalyse rate-limiting steps in orthopaedic research

Clinical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament injury: panther symposium ACL injury clinical outcomes consensus group

© 2020, The Author(s). Purpose: A stringent outcome assessment is a key aspect for establishing evidence-based clinical guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury treatment. The aim of this consensus statement was to establish what data should be reported when conducting an ACL outcome study, what specific outcome measurements should be used and at what follow-up time those outcomes should be assessed. Methods: To establish a standardized approach to assessment of clinical outcome after ACL treatment, a consensus meeting including a multidisciplinary group of ACL experts was held at the ACL Consensus Meeting Panther Symposium, Pittsburgh, PA; USA, in June 2019. The group reached consensus on nine statements by using a modified Delphi method. Results: In general, outcomes after ACL treatment can be divided into four robust categories—early adverse events, patient-reported outcomes, ACL graft failure/recurrent ligament disruption and clinical measures of knee function and structure. A comprehensive assessment following ACL treatment should aim to provide a complete overview of the treatment result, optimally including the various aspects of outcome categories. For most research questions, a minimum follow-up of 2 years with an optimal follow-up rate of 80% is necessary to achieve a comprehensive assessment. This should include clinical examination, any sustained re-injuries, validated knee-specific PROs and Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaires. In the mid- to long-term follow-up, the presence of osteoarthritis should be evaluated. Conclusion: This consensus paper provides practical guidelines for how the aforementioned entities of outcomes should be reported and suggests the preferred tools for a reliable and valid assessment of outcome after ACL treatment. Level of evidence: V

Effectiveness of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The clinical effectiveness of monovalent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines has not been comprehensively summarised. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) for adjuvanted and unadjuvanted vaccines. Methods: We searched healthcare databases and grey literature from 11 June 2009 to 12 November 2014. Two researchers independently assessed titles and abstracts to identify studies for full review. Random effects meta-analyses estimated the pooled effect size of vaccination compared to placebo or no vaccination for crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) to prevent laboratory confirmed influenza illness (LCI) and related hospitalization. VE was calculated as (1-pooled OR) ∗ 100. Narrative synthesis was undertaken where meta-analysis was not possible. Results: We identified 9229 studies of which 38 at moderate risk of bias met protocol eligibility criteria; 23 were suitable for meta-analysis. Pooled adjusted VE against LCI with adjuvanted and unadjuvanted vaccines both reached statistical significance (adjuvanted: VE = 80%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 59–90%; unadjuvanted: VE = 66%; 95% CI 47–78%); in planned secondary analyses, VE in adults often failed to reach statistical significance and pooled point estimates were lower than observed in children. Overall pooled adjusted VE against hospitalization was 61% (95% CI 14–82%); in planned secondary analyses, adjusted VE attained statistical significance in adults aged 18–64 years and children for adjuvanted vaccines. Adjuvanted vaccines were significantly more effective in children compared to adults for both outcomes. Conclusions: Adjuvanted and unadjuvanted monovalent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines were both effective in preventing LCI. Overall, the vaccines were also effective against influenza-related hospitalization. For both outcomes adjuvanted vaccines were more effective in children than in adults