I am my bag. My bag is me.

This bachelor thesis studies the relationship between the luxury bag and young female consumers, in order to explore how this relationship affects the usage of the luxury bag. Four interviews with females between ages of 20-30 were held, according to an ethnographic method, to examine the purchase experience, the relationship and its influencing factors and also the usage of the luxury bag. This analysis was based on the empirical research, complemented with theories regarding emotional value, the extended self, the individual value- and relationship creation, the cultural and social contexts influences, goods ascribed with human attributes and interpreted on the basis of a hermeneutic method. The study shows that the purchase experience contributes an additional emotional value that affects how the respondents perceive their relationship to the luxury bag. The purchase experience contributes with emotions, which in turn is applied as an extra value to the luxury bag. The study has shown that there is a personal and human relationship between the interviewees and their luxury bag. The interviewees see the luxury bag as a part of the self, which makes the relationship personal, and the interviewees ascribe human attributes, in form of love, identity and solidarity to the luxury bag, which makes the relationship human. The cultural and social context has an influence on the earlier described relationship in forms of the social norms and social acceptance, which limits the interviewees in their relationship and feelings to the luxury bag. Because of the feelings, identity and solidarity that are ascribed to the luxury bag, the bag is more special and valuable to the interviewees. As a result; the luxury bag has a special place in the interviewees' homes; the interviewees are more concerned about their luxury bags; and the interviewees feel a certain way when they use the luxury bag. This shows that the personal and human relationship contributes with values to the luxury bag, which makes it more special. As follows; the usage of the luxury bag has a central role in the interviewee’s lives

BRCA2 polymorphic stop codon K3326X and the risk of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers

Background: The K3326X variant in BRCA2 (BRCA2*c.9976A>T; p.Lys3326*; rs11571833) has been found to be associated with small increased risks of breast cancer. However, it is not clear to what extent linkage disequilibrium with fully pathogenic mutations might account for this association. There is scant information about the effect of K3326X in other hormone-related cancers. Methods: Using weighted logistic regression, we analyzed data from the large iCOGS study including 76 637 cancer case patients and 83 796 control patients to estimate odds ratios (ORw) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for K3326X variant carriers in relation to breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer risks, with weights defined as probability of not having a pathogenic BRCA2 variant. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, we also examined the associations of K3326X with breast and ovarian cancer risks among 7183 BRCA1 variant carriers. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The K3326X variant was associated with breast (ORw = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.17 to 1.40, P = 5.9x10- 6) and invasive ovarian cancer (ORw = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.43, P = 3.8x10-3). These associations were stronger for serous ovarian cancer and for estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer (ORw = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.70, P = 3.4x10-5 and ORw = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.28 to 1.76, P = 4.1x10-5, respectively). For BRCA1 mutation carriers, there was a statistically significant inverse association of the K3326X variant with risk of ovarian cancer (HR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.84, P = .013) but no association with breast cancer. No association with prostate cancer was observed. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that the K3326X variant is associated with risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers independent of other pathogenic variants in BRCA2. Further studies are needed to determine the biological mechanism of action responsible for these associations

Spirometric phenotypes from early childhood to young adulthood : a Chronic Airway Disease Early Stratification study

Acknowledgements Cohort-specific acknowledgements are presented in the supplementary material. We also acknowledge collaboration with the EXPANSE consortium (funded by the EU H2020 programme, grant number 874627). We thank Elise Heuvelin, European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland, for her assistance on the current project.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Genetic variation in the immunosuppression pathway genes and breast cancer susceptibility : a pooled analysis of 42,510 cases and 40,577 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium

Immunosuppression plays a pivotal role in assisting tumors to evade immune destruction and promoting tumor development. We hypothesized that genetic variation in the immunosuppression pathway genes may be implicated in breast cancer tumorigenesis. We included 42,510 female breast cancer cases and 40,577 controls of European ancestry from 37 studies in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (2015) with available genotype data for 3595 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 133 candidate genes. Associations between genotyped SNPs and overall breast cancer risk, and secondarily according to estrogen receptor (ER) status, were assessed using multiple logistic regression models. Gene-level associations were assessed based on principal component analysis. Gene expression analyses were conducted using RNA sequencing level 3 data from The Cancer Genome Atlas for 989 breast tumor samples and 113 matched normal tissue samples. SNP rs1905339 (A > G) in the STAT3 region was associated with an increased breast cancer risk (per allele odds ratio 1.05, 95 % confidence interval 1.03-1.08; p value = 1.4 x 10(-6)). The association did not differ significantly by ER status. On the gene level, in addition to TGFBR2 and CCND1, IL5 and GM-CSF showed the strongest associations with overall breast cancer risk (p value = 1.0 x 10(-3) and 7.0 x 10(-3), respectively). Furthermore, STAT3 and IL5 but not GM-CSF were differentially expressed between breast tumor tissue and normal tissue (p value = 2.5 x 10(-3), 4.5 x 10(-4) and 0.63, respectively). Our data provide evidence that the immunosuppression pathway genes STAT3, IL5, and GM-CSF may be novel susceptibility loci for breast cancer in women of European ancestry.Peer reviewe

Associations of obesity and circulating insulin and glucose with breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: In addition to the established association between general obesity and breast cancer risk, central obesity and circulating fasting insulin and glucose have been linked to the development of this common malignancy. Findings from previous studies, however, have been inconsistent, and the nature of the associations is unclear. METHODS: We conducted Mendelian randomization analyses to evaluate the association of breast cancer risk, using genetic instruments, with fasting insulin, fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, body mass index (BMI) and BMI-adjusted waist-hip-ratio (WHRadj BMI). We first confirmed the association of these instruments with type 2 diabetes risk in a large diabetes genome-wide association study consortium. We then investigated their associations with breast cancer risk using individual-level data obtained from 98 842 cases and 83 464 controls of European descent in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. RESULTS: All sets of instruments were associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Associations with breast cancer risk were found for genetically predicted fasting insulin [odds ratio (OR) = 1.71 per standard deviation (SD) increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26-2.31, p  =  5.09  ×  10-4], 2-h glucose (OR = 1.80 per SD increase, 95% CI = 1.3 0-2.49, p  =  4.02  ×  10-4), BMI (OR = 0.70 per 5-unit increase, 95% CI = 0.65-0.76, p  =  5.05  ×  10-19) and WHRadj BMI (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.79-0.91, p  =  9.22  ×  10-6). Stratified analyses showed that genetically predicted fasting insulin was more closely related to risk of estrogen-receptor [ER]-positive cancer, whereas the associations with instruments of 2-h glucose, BMI and WHRadj BMI were consistent regardless of age, menopausal status, estrogen receptor status and family history of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the previously reported inverse association of genetically predicted BMI with breast cancer risk, and showed a positive association of genetically predicted fasting insulin and 2-h glucose and an inverse association of WHRadj BMI with breast cancer risk. Our study suggests that genetically determined obesity and glucose/insulin-related traits have an important role in the aetiology of breast cancer

Att vara normal men ändå annorlunda : En litteraturstudie om tonåringars upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ 1

Diabetes typ 1 är en kronisk sjukdom där insulinproduktionen är helt eller delvis upphörd. Det finns idag inget botemedel utan behandlingen är symtomlindrande. Sjukdomen kräver daglig kontroll och en individ som lever med diabetes måste alltid vara uppmärksam på kort- och långsiktiga komplikationer. Individen måste på egen hand, med stöttning av närstående och sjukvård, kunna bemästra de olika situationer som kan tänkas uppkomma vid en diabetessjukdom. Att leva med diabetes typ 1 som tonåring kan ställa andra krav än vad en frisk tonåring kan ställas inför. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa tonåringars upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ 1. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie där nio kvalitativa artiklar har granskats. Utifrån de artiklarna har sju kategorier arbetats fram för att skapa en tydlig bild över tonåringarnas upplevelser. Resultatet har visat att tonåringar med diabetes typ 1 behöver stöttning från både föräldrar, vänner och sjukvård. Känslor som oro, rädsla, kontrollförlust samt frustration beskrivs och många av tonåringarna upplever en känsla av att vara normala men ändå annorlunda. Efter en tids sjukdom har en acceptans framträtt, där tonåringarna ser en möjlighet att återta kontrollen över sina liv. Det är av stor betydelse för tonåringen att till viss del själv bemästra sin sjukdom, beroende på var i tonåren man befinner sig. För att uppnå detta behöver de stärkas i sin frigörelseprocess och få tillägnat sig den kunskap som krävs. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska vara medveten om att en livslång sjukdom inte alltid behöver innebära ett lidande för patienten. Den acceptans som hos de flesta tonåringar infinner sig efter en tids sjukdom, kan leda till att tonåringarna får en upplevelse av hälsa.Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildnin