Formas de Funcionalismo na Sintaxe Functionalism in Syntax

Este trabalho procura mostrar que o termo "funcionalismo", frequentemente suposto como uma abordagem única ou uniforme na lingüística, precisa ser compreendida em suas diversas perspectivas. Inicio o trabalho apresentando o contraste conceitual semelhante às de Língua-I e Língua-E, em Chomsky (1986). Tal como na primeira concepção, a língua, na visão funcionalista, pode ser tomada como um modelo abstrato do mecanismo interno da mente responsável pela produção e percepção da língua ou , como na segunda, pode ser entendida como a descrição dos usos externos da língua. Também paralelamente aos formalistas, há funcionalistas que procuram a variação translingüística possível(os universais do uso da língua) e funcionalistas que procuram determinar as causas da variação intra-lingüística. Também procuro mostrar que os funcionalistas podem diferir na extensão do uso de variáveis sociais na explicação da forma lingüística.<br>This article shows that the term "functionalism", very often understood as a single or uniform approach in linguistics, has to be understood in its different perspectives. I start by presenting an opposing conception similar to the I-language vs E-language in Chomsky (1986). As in the latter conception , language can be understood as an abstract model of a mind internal mechanism responsible for language production and perception or, as in the former one, it can be the description of the external use of language. Also like with formalists , there are functionalists who look for cross-linguistic variation (and universals of language use) and functionalists who look for language internal variation. It is also shown that functionalists can differ in the extent to which social variables are considered in the explanation of linguistic form

Application of carbon materials in redox flow batteries

The redox flow battery (RFB) has been the subject of state-of-the-art research by several groups around the world. Most work commonly involves the application of various low-cost carbon-polymer composites, carbon felts, cloth, paper and their different variations for the electrode materials of the RFB. Usually, the carbon-polymer composite electrode has relatively high bulk resistivity and can be easily corroded when the polarised potential on the anode is more positive than that of oxygen evolution and this kind of heterogeneous corrosion may lead to battery failure due to electrolyte leakage. Therefore, carbon electrodes with high electrical conductivity, acid-resistance and electrochemical stability are highly desirable. This review discusses such issues in depth and presents an overview on future research directions that may help commercialise RFB technology. A comprehensive discussion is provided on the advances made using nanotechnology and it is envisaged that if this is combined with ionic liquid technology, major advantages could be realised. In addition the identification of RFB failure mechanisms by means of X-ray computed nano tomography is expected to bring added benefits to the technology