Varhaiskasvatuksen opettajien näkemyksiä päiväkodin hyvästä johtajuudesta

Tiivistelmä. Varhaiskasvatuslaissa ja varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteissa tapahtuneet muutokset vaikuttavat varhaiskasvatukseen. Muutosten seurauksena hyvien johtamistaitojen merkitys on korostunut. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä johtajuudesta sekä tuottaa tietoa siitä, miten hyvää johtajuutta voidaan kehittää varhaiskasvatuksessa ja erityisesti päiväkodissa. Tutkielmassa tätä aihetta tarkastellaan varhaiskasvatuksen opettajien näkemysten kautta. Tutkielman teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä päiväkodin johtajuutta avataan varhaiskasvatuksen kontekstissa, jossa johtajuus sulautuu vuorovaikutussuhteisiin, kokemuksiin ja palvelurakenteisiin. Johtajuutta tarkastellaan johtajuuden yleisten määritelmien ja keskeisten käsitteiden sekä päiväkodin johtajuuden ja johtamisen näkökulmasta. Myös pedagoginen johtajuus ja palveleva johtajuus ovat tutkielman kannalta olennaisia näkökulmia. Tutkielma on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka avulla selvitetään opettajien näkemyksiä päiväkodin johtajuudesta. Laadullisen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuottaa uusia havaintoja ja tapoja ymmärtää todellisuutta. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu neljän varhaiskasvatuksen opettajan haastatteluista. Aineisto analysoitiin aineistolähtöisen ja teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että päiväkodin hyvään johtajuuteen liitetään monenlaisia näkemyksiä, joissa painottuvat eri tavoin esimerkiksi pedagoginen johtajuus ja johtajan rooli hallinnollisena johtajana ja henkilöstöjohtajana. Yksi opettaja korostaa pedagogisen johtajuuden merkitystä, kun toinen taas johtajan kykyä organisoida päiväkodin toimintaa. Opettajien näkemykset koskevat päiväkodin johtajuuden taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä, johtajan johtamistaitoja, pedagogista ja palvelevaa johtajuutta sekä johtajan henkilökohtaisia ominaisuuksia ja asenteita. Tulosten perusteella hyvä päiväkodin johtaja on tietoinen johtajuusroolistaan, tietää varhaiskasvatuksen tavoitteet ja sisällön ja tekee pedagogiset toimintalinjaukset. Lisäksi johtajan on tuettava työntekijöiden ja varhaiskasvatuksen asemaa organisaation ulkopuolisilta vaatimuksilta. Tulokset vahvistavat sen, että johtajuus nähdään vuorovaikutteisena prosessina, jolloin pedagogisessa keskustelussa korostuvat hyvät kommunikointi- ja vuorovaikutustaidot. Tulosten perusteella voidaan nähdä, että päiväkodin johtajalla ja johtajan johtamistaidoilla on merkitystä työyhteisölle ja organisaatiossa toteutettavalle pedagogiikalle. Johtajuuden kehittämisen tulisi alkaa jo opettajankoulutuksesta ja jatkua myöhemmin johtajien täydennyskoulutuksena. Päiväkodin hyvän johtajuuden kehittämisessä on huomioitava johtajuuden vuorovaikutuksellisuus ja siten myös muiden organisaatiossa työskentelevien henkilöiden osallisuus johtajuuden kehittämisessä

Measuring the spin of the primary black hole in OJ287

The compact binary system in OJ287 is modelled to contain a spinning primary black hole with an accretion disk and a non-spinning secondary black hole. Using Post Newtonian (PN) accurate equations that include 2.5PN accurate non-spinning contributions, the leading order general relativistic and classical spin-orbit terms, the orbit of the binary black hole in OJ287 is calculated and as expected it depends on the spin of the primary black hole. Using the orbital solution, the specific times when the orbit of the secondary crosses the accretion disk of the primary are evaluated such that the record of observed outbursts from 1913 up to 2007 is reproduced. The timings of the outbursts are quite sensitive to the spin value. In order to reproduce all the known outbursts, including a newly discovered one in 1957, the Kerr parameter of the primary has to be $0.28 \pm 0.08$. The quadrupole-moment contributions to the equations of motion allow us to constrain the `no-hair' parameter to be $1.0\:\pm\:0.3$ where 0.3 is the one sigma error. This supports the `black hole no-hair theorem' within the achievable precision. It should be possible to test the present estimate in 2015 when the next outburst is due. The timing of the 2015 outburst is a strong function of the spin: if the spin is 0.36 of the maximal value allowed in general relativity, the outburst begins in early November 2015, while the same event starts in the end of January 2016 if the spin is 0.2Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Ionospheric currents estimated simultaneously from CHAMP satelliteand IMAGE ground-based magnetic field measurements: a statisticalstudy at auroral latitudes

One important contribution to the magnetic field measured at satellite altitude and at ground level comes from the external currents. We used the total field data sampled by the Overhauser Magnetometer on CHAMP and the horizontal magnetic field measurements of the IMAGE ground-based magnetometer network to study the ionospheric Hall current system in the auroral regions. For the CHAMP data a current model consisting of a series of lines and placed at a height of 110km is fitted to the magnetic field signature sampled on the passage across the polar region. The derived current distributions depend, among others, on season and on the local time of the satellite track. At dawn/dusk the auroral electrojets can be detected most clearly in the auroral regions. Their intensity and location are evidently correlated with the <i>A E</i> activity index. For a period of almost two years the results obtained from space and the currents determined from ground-based observations are studied. For the full IMAGE station array a newly-developed method of spherical elementary current systems (SECS) is employed to compute the 2-D equivalent current distribution, which gives a detailed picture of an area covering latitudes 60° – 80° N and 10° – 30° E in the auroral region. Generally, the current estimates from satellite and ground are in good agreement. The results of this survey clearly show the average dependence of the auroral electrojet on season and local time. This is particularly true during periods of increased auroral activity. The correlation coefficient of the results is close to one in the region of sizeable ionospheric current densities. Also the ratio of the current densities, as determined from above and below the ionosphere, is close to unity. It is the first time that the method of Hall current estimate from a satellite has been validated quantitatively by ground-based observations. Among others, this result is of interest for magnetic main field modelling, since it demonstrates that ground-based observations can be used to predict electrojet signatures in satellite magnetic field scalar data.<br><br> <b>Key words.</b> Ionosphere (auroral Ionosphere; electric fields and currents; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions

Few-Qubit lasing in circuit QED

Motivated by recent experiments, which demonstrated lasing and cooling of the electromagnetic modes in a resonator coupled to a superconducting qubit, we describe the specific mechanisms creating the population inversion, and we study the spectral properties of these systems in the lasing state. Different levels of the theoretical description, i.e., the semi-classical and the semi-quantum approximation, as well as an analysis based on the full Liouville equation are compared. We extend the usual quantum optics description to account for strong qubit-resonator coupling and include the effects of low-frequency noise. Beyond the lasing transition we find for a single- or few-qubit system the phase diffusion strength to grow with the coupling strength, which in turn deteriorates the lasing state.Comment: Prepared for the proceedings of the Nobel Symposium 2009, Qubits for future quantum computers, May 2009 in Goeteborg, Sweden. Published versio

Multi-colour optical monitoring of eight red blazars

We present the observational results of multi-colour optical monitoring of eight red blazars from 2003 September to 2004 February. The aim of our monitoring is to investigate the spectral variability as well as the flux variations at short and long time scales. The observations were carried out using the 1.0 m robotic telescope of Mt. Lemmon Optical Astronomy Observatory, in Arizona, USA, the 0.6 m telescope of Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory and the 1.8 m telescope of Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory, in the Republic of Korea. During the observations, all sources show strong flux variations with amplitudes of larger than 0.5 mag. Variations with amplitudes of over 1 mag are found in four sources. Intraday variations with amplitudes larger than 0.15 mag, and a rapid brightness increase with a rate of ~0.2 mag per day in four days, are detected in S5 0716+71. We investigate the relationship between the colour index and source brightness for each source. We find that two out of three FSRQs tend to be redder when they are brighter, and, conversely, all BL Lac objects tend to be bluer. In particular, we find a significant anti-correlation between the V-I colour index and R magnitude for 3C 454.3. This implies that the spectrum became steeper when the source was brighter, which is opposite to the common trend for blazars. In contrast, significant positive correlations are found in 3C 66A, S5 0716+71, and BL Lac. However, there are only very weak correlations for PKS 0735+17 and OJ 287. We propose that the different relative contributions of the thermal versus non-thermal radiation to the optical emission may be responsible for the different trends of the colour index with brightness in FSRQs and BL Lac objects.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in A&

Modeling and assessment of hydrological changes in a developing urban catchment

Urbanization strongly changes natural catchment by increasing impervious coverage and by creating a need for efficient drainage systems. Such land cover changes lead to more rapid hydrological response to storms and change distribution of peak and low flows. This study aims to explore and assess how gradual hydrological changes occur during urban development from rural area to a medium-density residential catchment. The Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) is utilized to simulate a series of scenarios in a same developing urban catchment. Sub-hourly hydro-meteorological data in warm season is used to calibrate and validate the model in the fully developed catchment in 2006. The validated model is then applied to other cases in development stage and runoff management scenarios. Based on the simulations and observations, three key problems are solved: (1) how catchment hydrology changes with land cover change; (2) how urban development changes pre-development flows; (3) how stormwater management techniques affect catchment hydrology. The results show that the low-frequency flow rates had remarkably increased from 2004 to 2006 along with the increase of impervious areas. Urbanization in the residential catchment expands the runoff contributing area, accelerates hydrological response, raises peak flows in an order of magnitude of over 10, and more than doubles the total runoff volume. The effects of several LID controls on runoff hydrograph were simulated, and the techniques were able to reduce flows towards the pre-development levels. However, the partly restored flow regime was still clearly changed in comparison to the pre-development flow conditions

A multifrequency analysis of radio variability of blazars

We have carried out a multifrequency analysis of the radio variability of blazars, exploiting the data obtained during the extensive monitoring programs carried out at the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory (UMRAO, at 4.8, 8, and 14.5 GHz) and at the Metsahovi Radio Observatory (22 and 37 GHz). Two different techniques detect, in the Metsahovi light curves, evidences of periodicity at both frequencies for 5 sources (0224+671, 0945+408, 1226+023, 2200+420, and 2251+158). For the last three sources consistent periods are found also at the three UMRAO frequencies and the Scargle (1982) method yields an extremely low false-alarm probability. On the other hand, the 22 and 37 GHz periodicities of 0224+671 and 0945+408 (which were less extensively monitored at Metsahovi and for which we get a significant false-alarm probability) are not confirmed by the UMRAO database, where some indications of ill-defined periods about a factor of two longer are retrieved. We have also investigated the variability index, the structure function, and the distribution of intensity variations of the most extensively monitored sources. We find a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the variability index for BL Lac objects compared to flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in the sense that the former objects are more variable. For both populations the variability index steadily increases with increasing frequency. The distribution of intensity variations also broadens with increasing frequency, and approaches a log-normal shape at the highest frequencies. We find that variability enhances by 20-30% the high frequency counts of extragalactic radio-sources at bright flux densities, such as those of the WMAP and Planck surveys.Comment: A&A accepted. 12 pages, 16 figure

Decoherence, Autler-Townes effect, and dark states in two-tone driving of a three-level superconducting system

We present a detailed theoretical analysis of a multi-level quantum system coupled to two radiation fields and subject to decoherence. We concentrate on an effect known from quantum optics as the Autler-Townes splitting, which has been recently demonstrated experimentally [M. A. Sillanpaa et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 193601 (2009)] in a superconducting phase qubit. In the three-level approximation, we derive analytical solutions and describe how they can be used to extract the decoherence rates and to account for the measurement data. Better agreement with the experiment can be obtained by extending this model to five levels. Finally, we investigate the stationary states created in the experiment and show that their structure is close to that of dark states.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure