Kiusaaminen ja sen mahdolliset vaikutukset yksilöön

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatintutkielman aiheena on kiusaaminen ja sen mahdolliset vaikutukset yksilöön. Tutkielman tavoitteena on tuoda näkyville, mitä kiusaaminen on ja miten se voi vaikuttaa lapsen ja nuoren käsityksiin itsestä ja ympäröivästä maailmasta. Haluan tuoda näkyväksi, miten vakavasta ja vaikuttavasta ilmiöstä on kyse, jotta muun muassa kasvatusalan ammattilaiset osaavat suhtautua siihen oikeanlaisella vakavuudella. Tutkielma rakentuu yhden tutkimuskysymyksen ympärille: ”Miten kiusaaminen voi vaikuttaa yksilöön?”. Tutkielman aihetta voidaan pitää ajankohtaisena, koska kiusaaminen on yhteiskunnallinen ilmiö ja sitä tapahtuu jatkuvasti. Tutkielmassa käsitellään kiusaamista koulukontekstissa erityisesti yksilön näkökulmasta ja tuodaan esiin sen monet vaikutukset. Tutkielma on toteutettu kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena, tarkemmin narratiivisena yleis-katsauksena, jonka aineisto koostuu kotimaisesta ja ulkomaisesta vertaisarvioidusta tutkimuskirjallisuudesta liittyen kiusaamiseen. Tutustun tutkielman aihetta käsittelevään kirjallisuuteen ja kokoan oleellisimmat asiat osaksi tutkimustani. Aiheen käsittely on rajattu koskemaan kiusaamisen keinoja ja ilmenemismuotoja sekä sen vaikutuksia yksilöön ja yksilön hyvinvointiin. Tämä tutkimus on osoittanut sen, että kiusaamisen vaikutukset ovat laajoja ja ne voivat ulottua pitkälle aikuisuuteen saakka. Kiusaaminen jättää jälkensä, mutta kaikki yksilöt reagoivat siihen eri tavoin. Tulosten mukaan kiusaaminen voi aiheuttaa uhrille trauman sekä monia psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä, kuten masennusta, heikkoa itsetuntoa, häpeää, yksinäisyyttä ja muutoksia minäkuvaan

ARGUMENTOINTIA PAINOTTAVA LUONNONTIETEEN KOULUOPETUS – KATSAUS TAVOITTEISIIN

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan argumentointia painottavan luonnontieteen kouluopetuksen tavoitteita kansainvälisen tutkimuskirjallisuuden pohjalta. Tarkasteluun valittiin 14 luonnontieteen kouluopetuksen kansainvälistä tutkimusartikkelia, joissa esiintyvät kuvaukset argumentoinnin tavoitteista luokiteltiin niissä esiintyvien teemojen perusteella. Tavoitekuvauksista erottui kolme pääteemaa: koulussa opetettavien luonnontieteiden autenttisuuden lisääminen, oppilaiden ajattelu- ja vuorovaikutustaitojen kehittymisen tukeminen sekä sisältötiedon osaamisen ja luonnontieteellisen sivistyksen syventäminen. Autenttisen kuvan välittäminen luonnontieteistä oppilaille näyttäytyi edellytyksenä muiden oppimistavoitteiden saavuttamiselle. Tavoitteiden tunnistaminen edesauttaa argumentoinnin painottamista suomalaisessa luonnontieteen opetuksessa.Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan argumentointia painottavan luonnontieteen kouluopetuksen tavoitteita kansainvälisen tutkimuskirjallisuuden pohjalta. Tarkasteluun valittiin 14 luonnontieteen kouluopetuksen kansainvälistä tutkimusartikkelia, joissa esiintyvät kuvaukset argumentoinnin tavoitteista luokiteltiin niissä esiintyvien teemojen perusteella. Tavoitekuvauksista erottui kolme pääteemaa: koulussa opetettavien luonnontieteiden autenttisuuden lisääminen, oppilaiden ajattelu- ja vuorovaikutustaitojen kehittymisen tukeminen sekä sisältötiedon osaamisen ja luonnontieteellisen sivistyksen syventäminen. Autenttisen kuvan välittäminen luonnontieteistä oppilaille näyttäytyi edellytyksenä muiden oppimistavoitteiden saavuttamiselle. Tavoitteiden tunnistaminen edesauttaa argumentoinnin painottamista suomalaisessa luonnontieteen opetuksessa

Effects of intensified silviculture on timber production and its economic profitability in boreal Norway spruce and Scots pine stands under changing climatic conditions

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Using mutual information to investigate non-linear correlation between AE index, ULF Pc5 wave activity and electron precipitation

In this study, we use mutual information from information theory to investigate non-linear correlation between geomagnetic activity indicated by auroral electrojet (AE) index with both the global ultra low frequency (ULF) Pc5 wave power and medium energy (>= 30 keV) electron precipitation at the central outer radiation belt. To investigate the energy and magnetic local time (MLT) dependence of the non-linearity, we calculate the mutual information and Pearson correlation coefficient separately for three different energy ranges (30-100 keV, 100-300 keV and >= 300 keV) and four different MLT sectors (0-6, 6-12, 12-18, 18-24). We compare results from 2 years 2004 and 2007 representing geomagnetically more active and less active years, respectively. The correlation analysis between the AE index and electron precipitation shows a clear MLT and energy dependence in both active and quiet conditions. In the two lowest energy ranges of the medium energy electrons (30-100 keV and 100-300 keV) both non-linear correlation and Pearson correlation indicate strong dependence with the AE index in the dawn sector. The linear dependence indicated by the Pearson correlation coefficient decreases from dawn to dusk while the change in the non-linear correlation is smaller indicating an increase in the non-linearity from dawn to dusk. The non-linearity between the AE index and electron precipitation is larger at all MLT sectors except MLTs 6-12 during geomagnetically more active year when larger amount of the activity is driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) compared to lower activity year with high speed stream (HSS) and stream interaction region (SIR) driven activity. These results indicate that the processes leading to electron precipitation become more non-linear in the dusk and during geomagnetically more active times when the activity is driven by ICMEs. The non-linearity between the AE index and global ULF Pc5 activity is relatively low and seems not to be affected by the difference in the geomagnetic activity during the 2 years studied.Peer reviewe

Finnish university physics teachers' experiences of transferring to online teaching due to COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic arguably caused the most rapid and extensive educational reform ever witnessed. This article addresses the challenges, possibilities, and consequences that the pandemic has set for Finnish physics university teachers. The data were gathered with a literature-based online survey consisting of Likert scale claims and open-ended questions related to the following themes: the use of technology, interaction, learning and evaluation, experimental working, and the future. In 2021, the survey was distributed to all Finnish universities where physics is taught, and 52 responses were received. The results show the biggest challenges were related to the different aspects of interaction, experimental working, and adjusting evaluation. The opportunities were less recognized but the versatility and flexibility of instruction and the use of technology in the evaluation became apparent in the teachers’ responses. The consequences of pandemic time for physics teaching and learning were seen rather negatively, even if a majority of teachers intended to change their old teaching practices in the future. The results indicate that university teachers need more discipline-based pedagogical support for enhancing learning, interaction, and well-being as the physics instruction likely gets more versatile after the pandemic.Peer reviewe

Outer Van Allen belt trapped and precipitating electron flux responses to two interplanetary magnetic clouds of opposite polarity

Recently, it has been established that interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) can dramatically affect both trapped electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt and precipitating electron fluxes lost from the belt into the atmosphere. Precipitating electron fluxes and energies can vary over a range of timescales during these events. These variations depend on the initial energy and location of the electron population and the ICME characteristics and structures. One important factor controlling electron dynamics is the magnetic field orientation within the ejecta that is an integral part of the ICME. In this study, we examine Van Allen Probes (RBSPs) and Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POESs) data to explore trapped and precipitating electron fluxes during two ICMEs. The ejecta in the selected ICMEs have magnetic cloud characteristics that exhibit the opposite sense of the rotation of the north-south magnetic field component (B-Z). RBSP data are used to study trapped electron fluxes in situ, while POES data are used for electron fluxes precipitating into the upper atmosphere. The trapped and precipitating electron fluxes are qualitatively analysed to understand their variation in relation to each other and to the magnetic cloud rotation during these events. Inner magnetospheric wave activity was also estimated using RBSP and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data. In each event, the largest changes in the location and magnitude of both the trapped and precipitating electron fluxes occurred during the southward portion of the magnetic cloud. Significant changes also occurred during the end of the sheath and at the sheath-ejecta boundary for the cloud with south to north magnetic field rotation, while the ICME with north to south rotation had significant changes at the end boundary of the cloud. The sense of rotation of B-Z and its profile also clearly affects the coherence of the trapped and/or precipitating flux changes, timing of variations with respect to the ICME structures, and flux magnitude of different electron populations. The differing electron responses could therefore imply partly different dominant acceleration mechanisms acting on the outer radiation belt electron populations as a result of opposite magnetic cloud rotation.Peer reviewe

Pushing the boundaries with research and innovation in forest engineering

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Anomalous Roughening in Experiments of Interfaces in Hele-Shaw Flows with Strong Quenched Disorder

We report experimental evidences of anomalous kinetic roughening in the stable displacement of an oil-air interface in a Hele-Shaw cell with strong quenched disorder. The disorder consists on a random modulation of the gap spacing transverse to the growth direction (tracks). We have performed experiments varying average interface velocity and gap spacing, and measured the scaling exponents. We have obtained beta=0.50, beta*=0.25, alpha=1.0, alpha_l=0.5, and z=2. When there is no fluid injection, the interface is driven solely by capillary forces, and a higher value of beta around beta=0.65 is measured. The presence of multiscaling and the particular morphology of the interfaces, characterized by high slopes that follow a L\'evy distribution, confirms the existence of anomalous scaling. From a detailed study of the motion of the oil--air interface we show that the anomaly is a consequence of different local velocities over tracks plus the coupling in the motion between neighboring tracks. The anomaly disappears at high interface velocities, weak capillary forces, or when the disorder is not sufficiently persistent in the growth direction. We have also observed the absence of scaling when the disorder is very strong or when a regular modulation of the gap spacing is introduced.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figure

CHARACTERISATION AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF SUPERCRITICAL-CO2-FOAMED B-TCP/PLCL COMPOSITES FOR BONE APPLICATIONS

Most synthetic bone grafts are either hard and brittle ceramics or paste-like materials that differ in applicability from the gold standard autologous bone graft, which restricts their widespread use. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop an elastic, highly porous and biodegradable beta-tricalciumphosphate/poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) (beta-TCP/PLCL) composite for bone applications using supercritical CO2 foaming. Ability to support osteogenic differentiation was tested in human adipose stem cell (hASC) culture for 21 d. Biocompatibility was evaluated for 24 weeks in a rabbit femur-defect model. Foamed composites had a high ceramic content (50 wt%) and porosity (65-67 %). After 50 % compression, in an aqueous environment at 37 degrees C, tested samples returned to 95 % of their original height. Hydrolytic degradation of beta-TCP/PLCL composite, during the 24-week follow-up, was very similar to that of porous PLCL scaffold both in vitro and in vivo. Osteogenic differentiation of hASCs was demonstrated by alkaline phosphatase activity analysis, alizarin red staining, soluble collagen analysis, immunocytochemical staining and qRT-PCR. In vitro, hASCs formed a pronounced mineralised collagen matrix. A rabbit femur defect model confirmed biocompatibility of the composite. According to histological Masson-Goldner's trichrome staining and micro-computed tomography, beta-TCP/PLCL composite did not elicit infection, formation of fibrous capsule or cysts. Finally, native bone tissue at 4 weeks was already able to grow on and in the beta-TCP/PLCL composite. The elastic and highly porous beta-TCP/PLCL composite is a promising bone substitute because it is osteoconductive and easy-to-use and mould intraoperatively.Peer reviewe

Motion of flux transfer events: a test of the Cooling model

The simple model of reconnected field line motion developed by Cooling et al. (2001) has been used in several recent case studies to explain the motion of flux transfer events across the magnetopause. We examine 213 FTEs observed by all four Cluster spacecraft under a variety of IMF conditions between November 2002 and June 2003, when the spacecraft tetrahedron separation was ~5000 km. Observed velocities were calculated from multi-spacecraft timing analysis, and compared with the velocities predicted by the Cooling model in order to check the validity of the model. After excluding three categories of FTEs (events with poorly defined velocities, a significant velocity component out of the magnetopause surface, or a scale size of less than 5000 km), we were left with a sample of 118 events. 78% of these events were consistent in both direction of motion and speed with one of the two model de Hoffmann-Teller (dHT) velocities calculated from the Cooling model (to within 30° and a factor of two in the speed). We also examined the plasma signatures of several magnetosheath FTEs; the electron signatures confirm the hemisphere of connection indicated by the model in most cases. This indicates that although the model is a simple one, it is a useful tool for identifying the source regions of FTEs