Innovation commercialisation process from the 'four knowledge bases' perspective

In this dissertation, the innovation commercialisation process is studied from the perspective of four knowledge bases in product innovation: the technology knowledge base, end-user knowledge base, brand knowledge base, and business-logic knowledge base. In all, the doctoral dissertation consists of five substudies appended in full, and an introductory text integrating these substudies. Substudy 1 develops the 'four knowledge bases and four knowledge levels' perspective in order to analyse the product innovation as a micro-strategy. Innovation-based diversification was found to be a very important reason to use the micro-strategy perspective. Substudy 2 describes the perfect technology syndrome and its solutions. The one-sided interest in technological development led to serious difficulties but was also solved by some companies. Substudy 3 analyses barriers in the innovation commercialisation process. The research results are summarised as seven hypotheses. Substudy 4 uses a multidimensional product-concept model that can enhance cross-functional knowledge creation in the product innovation process. Substudy 5 further develops the 'four knowledge bases' perspective by adding the consumer knowledge base and implementing this extended approach in the form of the Consumer Learning Roadmap. This substudy includes two case studies. An important contribution of the present dissertation with its substudies is a deeper understanding of the innovation-based diversification. On the one hand, innovation-based diversification process can open to the company new successful markets. On the other hand, it can lead the company into unanticipated difficulties. In addition, the dissertation provides new insight into how the innovation commercialisation process can be developed by means of utilising the innovation-based micro-perspective.Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan innovaatioiden kaupallistamisprosessia neljän tietämysperustan näkökulmasta, jotka ovat teknologiatietämysperusta, loppukäyttäjätietämysperusta, branditietämysperusta ja liiketoimintalogiikkaa koskeva tietämysperusta. Väitöskirja rakentuu viidestä liitteenä esitetystä osatutkimuksesta ja kyseiset osatutkimukset integroivasta johdanto-osasta. Osatutkimuksessa 1 kehitetään neljään tietämysperustaan ja neljään tietämystasoon perustuva näkökulma, jotta innovaatioita voitaisiin analysoida mikrostrategiana. Johtopäätöksenä oli, että innovaatioista aiheutuva diversifikaatio on tärkeä syy käyttää mikrostrategista lähestymistapaa. Osatutkimuksessa 2 kuvataan täydellisen teknologian syndroomaa ja sen välttämistä. Yksipuolinen kiinnostus teknologiaa koskevaan kehittämistyöhön johti vakaviin vaikeuksiin, mutta muutamat yhtiöt ratkaisivat tämän ongelman. Osatutkimuksessa 3 analysoidaan esteitä innovaatioiden kaupallistamisprosessissa. Tutkimustulokset on tiivistetty seitsemään hypoteesiin. Osatutkimuksessa 4 käytetään moniulotteista tuotekonseptimallia, jolla voidaan tehostaa eri funktioiden keskinäistä uuden tietämyksen kehittämistä tuoteinnovaatioprosessissa. Osatutkimuksessa 5 kehitetään edelleen neljän tietämysperustan näkökulmaa lisäämällä siihen kuluttajatietämysperusta ja soveltamalla tätä laajennettua lähestymistapaa kuluttajan oppimistiekartassa. Tämä osatutkimus sisältää kaksi tapaustutkimusta. Väitöskirjan tärkeänä kontribuutiona on, että se syventää innovaatioista aiheutuvaa diversifikaatiota koskevaa ymmärtämystä. Yhtäältä innovaatioista aiheutuva diversifikaatio voi avata yhtiölle uusia menestyksekkäitä markkinoita. Toisaalta innovaatioista aiheutuva diversifikaatio voi johtaa yhtiön odottamattomiin vaikeuksiin. Lisäksi väitöskirja antaa uutta tietoa siitä, miten innovaatioiden kaupallistamisprosessia voidaan kehittää innovaatioperustaisesta mikronäkökulmasta.reviewe

Single phase earth faults in high impedance grounded networks : characteristics, indication and location

The subject of this thesis is the single phase earth fault in medium voltage distribution networks that are high impedance grounded. Networks are normally radially operated but partially meshed. First, the basic properties of high impedance grounded networks are discussed. Following this, the characteristics of earth faults in distribution networks are determined based on real case recordings. Exploiting these characteristics, new applications for earth fault indication and location are then developed. The characteristics discussed are the clearing of earth faults, arc extinction, arcing faults, fault resistances and transients. Arcing faults made up at least half of all the disturbances, and they were especially predominant in the unearthed network. In the case of arcing faults, typical fault durations are outlined, and the overvoltages measured in different systems are analysed. In the unearthed systems, the maximum currents that allowed for autoextinction were small. Transients appeared in nearly all fault occurrences that caused the action of the circuit breaker. Fault resistances fell into two major categories, one where the fault resistances were below a few hundred ohms and the other where they were of the order of thousands of ohms. Some faults can evolve gradually, for example faults caused by broken pin insulators, snow burden, downed conductor or tree contact. Using a novel application based on the neutral voltage and residual current analysis with the probabilistic method, it is possible to detect and locate resistive earth faults up to a resistance of 220 kΩ. The main results were also to develop new applications of the transient based differential equation, wavelet and neural network methods for fault distance estimation. The performance of the artificial neural network methods was comparable to that of the conventional algorithms. It was also shown that the neural network, trained by the harmonic components of the neutral voltage transients, is applicable for earth fault distance computation. The benefit of this method is that only one measurement per primary transformer is needed. Regarding only the earth faults with very low fault resistance, the mean error in absolute terms was about 1.0 km for neural network methods and about 2.0 km for the conventional algorithms in staged field tests. The restriction of neural network methods is the huge training process needed because so many different parameters affect the amplitude and frequency of the transient signal. For practical use the conventional methods based on the faulty line impedance calculation proved to be more promising.reviewe

Electrical and Thermomechanical Co-Simulation Platform for NPP

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.In order to analyze the safety of nuclear power plants (NPP), interactions between ther-momechanical and automation processes, the on-site electrical grid, and the off-site transmission system should be studied in detail. However, an initial survey of simulation tools used for the modelling and simulation of NPP shows that existing simulation tools have some drawbacks in properly simulating the aforementioned interactions. In fact, they simulate detailed electrical power systems and thermomechanical systems but neglect the detailed interactions of the electrical system with thermomechanical and automation processes. To address this challenge, this paper devel-ops an open-source co-simulation platform which connects Apros, a proprietary simulator of the thermomechanical and automation processes in NPP, to power system simulators. The proposed platform provides an opportunity to simulate both the electrical and thermomechanical systems of an NPP simultaneously, and study the interactions between them without neglecting any details. This detailed analysis can identify critical faults more accurately, and provides better support for probabilistic risk analyses (PRA) of NPP. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed platform, detailed thermomechanical and electrical models of an NPP, located in Finland, are cosimulated. The preliminary results emphasize that neglecting the detailed interactions between domains of NPP may lead to inaccurate simulation results and may affect NPP safety.Peer reviewe

Verkko-opetuksen haasteita : pedagogisia malleja didaktisessa verkkoympäristössä

acceptedVersio

Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Finnish patients differ according to the origin of infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Campylobacter jejuni </it>is a significant cause of bacterial enteritis worldwide. Very little is known about the pathogenicity mechanisms and virulence factors of this important enteropathogen. <it>C. jejuni </it>isolates from 166 Finnish patients, collected from July to December in 2006, were studied for the presence of putative virulence factors and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Isolates were tested for production of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as well as the presence of genes <it>ceuE</it>, <it>cgtB</it>, <it>ciaB</it>, <it>cj0486</it>, <it>pldA</it>, <it>virB11</it>, <it>wlaN</it>, and the gene cluster <it>cdtABC</it>. Bacterial characteristics were compared to information on foreign travel history as well as information on the course and the symptoms of disease obtained from questionnaires returned by patients.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Except for one domestic isolate, antimicrobial resistance was only detected in isolates of foreign origin. Univariate analyses showed association between bloody stools and both GGT production (p = 0.025) and the presence of <it>cgtB </it>(p = 0.034). Multivariate analysis verified that GGT production was more prevalent in domestic isolates (p < 0.0001), while the genes <it>cj0486 </it>(p < 0.0001) and <it>ceuE </it>(p < 0.0001) were associated with <it>C. jejuni </it>isolates of foreign origin.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results indicate that imported and domestic <it>C. jejuni </it>isolates differ significantly in several aspects from each other.</p

Expression of iron-related genes in human brain and brain tumors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Defective iron homeostasis may be involved in the development of some diseases within the central nervous system. Although the expression of genes involved in normal iron balance has been intensively studied in other tissues, little is known about their expression in the brain. We investigated the mRNA levels of hepcidin (<it>HAMP</it>), HFE, neogenin (<it>NEO1</it>), transferrin receptor 1 (<it>TFRC</it>), transferrin receptor 2 (<it>TFR2</it>), and hemojuvelin (<it>HFE2</it>) in normal human brain, brain tumors, and astrocytoma cell lines. The specimens included 5 normal brain tissue samples, 4 meningiomas, one medulloblastoma, 3 oligodendrocytic gliomas, 2 oligoastrocytic gliomas, 8 astrocytic gliomas, and 3 astrocytoma cell lines.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Except for hemojuvelin, all genes studied had detectable levels of mRNA. In most tumor types, the pattern of gene expression was diverse. Notable findings include high expression of transferrin receptor 1 in the hippocampus and medulla oblongata compared to other brain regions, low expression of HFE in normal brain with elevated HFE expression in meningiomas, and absence of hepcidin mRNA in astrocytoma cell lines despite expression in normal brain and tumor specimens.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that several iron-related genes are expressed in normal brain, and that their expression may be dysregulated in brain tumors.</p

Osuustoiminta ja järjestötoiminta sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluissa

Sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluiden uudistuksessa julkisten sote-palveluiden järjestämisvastuu siirtyy kunnilta 18 uudelle maakunnalle vuoden 2021 alussa. Uudistukseen liittyy odotus ja toive, että yksityiset toimijat ottavat aiempaa suuremman roolin sote-palveluiden tuottamisessa. Niin sanottua monituottaja-mallia on edistetty myös sillä ajatuksella, että se mahdollistaisi pienten ja keskisuurten yritysten aiempaa helpomman mukaantulon sote-markkinoille. Erityisesti pienten ja keskisuurten toimijoiden sekä osakeyhtiöstä poikkeavien oikeudellisten muotojen asemasta tulevilla sote-markkinoilla oli tarpeen saada lisätietoa. Päätavoitteeksi määriteltiin uuden tiedon tuottaminen osuuskunnista ja järjestötoimijoista sote-palveluiden tuottajina. Pääpainoksi valittiin valinnanvapauden piiriin kaavaillut asiakasseteli- ja henkilökohtaisen budjetin palvelut. Hankkeessa kartoitettiin ja analysoitiin nykytilanne osuustoiminnallisista ja järjestötoimijoista sekä niiden olemassa olevasta kapasiteetista sote-palveluiden tuottajina, selvitettiin valinnanvapauslakiesityksen ja järjestäjän tuleville sote-palvelutuottajille asettamat toimintavaatimukset ja niihin liittyvät toimintaedellytykset sekä kuvattiin osuustoiminnallisiin ja järjestötoimijoihin liittyvät edut ja haasteet. Hankkeessa tuotettiin politiikka- ja toimenpidesuosituksia, joiden avulla osuustoiminnalliset ja järjestöpohjaiset palvelun-tuottajat saavuttavat yhdenvertaisen aseman osakeyhtiöiden kanssa ja kehittyvät palveluntarjoajina sote-markkinoill