Not Too Warm, Not Too Cold: Thermal Treatments to Slightly Warmer or Colder Conditions from Mother’s Origin Can Enhance Performance of Montane Butterfly Larvae

Climate change alters organismal performance via shifts in temperature. However, we know little about the relative fitness impacts of climate variability and how cold-adapted ectotherms mediate these effects. Here, we advance the field of climate change biology by directly testing for species performance, considering the effects of different thermal environments at the first developmental stage of larvae. We conducted our experiments in climatic chambers (2019–2020) using five coldadapted butterflies of the genus Erebia (Erebia aethiops, Erebia cassioides, Erebia manto, Erebia tyndarus, Erebia nivalis). Larvae were reared indoors and were treated with higher and lower temperatures than those of their mothers’ origins. Overall, we found evidence of better performance at warmer temperatures and a decreased performance at lower temperatures, and larvae were able to tolerate small temperature changes from mother’s origin. Warmer conditions, however, were unfavorable for E. nivalis, indicative of its limited elevational range and its poor ability to mediate a variety of thermal conditions. Further, larvae generally performed poorly where there was a large difference in thermal regimen from that of their maternal origin. Future efforts should include additional life history stages and focus on a more mechanistic understanding of species thermal tolerance. Such studies could increase the realism of predicted responses to climate change and could account for asynchronous changes in species development, which will alter community composition and ecosystem functioning

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Prevalence and relationship of endosymbiotic Wolbachia in the butterfly genus Erebia

Wolbachia is an endosymbiont common to most invertebrates, which can have significant evolutionary implications for its host species by acting as a barrier to gene flow. Despite the importance of Wolbachia, still little is known about its prevalence and diversification pattern among closely related host species. Wolbachia strains may phylogenetically coevolve with their hosts, unless horizontal host-switches are particularly common. We address these issues in the genus Erebia, one of the most diverse Palearctic butterfly genera.; We sequenced the Wolbachia genome from a strain infecting Erebia cassioides and showed that it belongs to the Wolbachia supergroup B, capable of infecting arthropods from different taxonomic orders. The prevalence of Wolbachia across 13 closely related Erebia host species based on extensive population-level genetic data revealed that multiple Wolbachia strains jointly infect all investigated taxa, but with varying prevalence. Finally, the phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia strains are in some cases significantly associated to that of their hosts, especially among the most closely related Erebia species, demonstrating mixed evidence for phylogenetic coevolution.; Closely related host species can be infected by closely related Wolbachia strains, evidencing some phylogenetic coevolution, but the actual pattern of infection more often reflects historical or contemporary geographic proximity among host species. Multiple processes, including survival in distinct glacial refugia, recent host shifts in sympatry, and a loss of Wolbachia during postglacial range expansion seem to have jointly shaped the complex interactions between Wolbachia evolution and the diversification of its host among our studied Erebia species

Phylogeographic support for horizontal gene transfer involving sympatric bruchid species

BACKGROUND: We report on the probable horizontal transfer of a mitochondrial gene, cytb, between species of Neotropical bruchid beetles, in a zone where these species are sympatric. The bruchid beetles Acanthoscelides obtectus, A. obvelatus, A. argillaceus and Zabrotes subfasciatus develop on various bean species in Mexico. Whereas A. obtectus and A. obvelatus develop on Phaseolus vulgaris in the Mexican Altiplano, A. argillaceus feeds on P. lunatus in the Pacific coast. The generalist Z. subfasciatus feeds on both bean species, and is sympatric with A. obtectus and A. obvelatus in the Mexican Altiplano, and with A. argillaceus in the Pacific coast. In order to assess the phylogenetic position of these four species, we amplified and sequenced one nuclear (28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (cytb, COI) genes. RESULTS: Whereas species were well segregated in topologies obtained for COI and 28S rRNA, an unexpected pattern was obtained in the cytb phylogenetic tree. In this tree, individuals from A. obtectus and A. obvelatus, as well as Z. subfasciatus individuals from the Mexican Altiplano, clustered together in a unique little variable monophyletic unit. In contrast, A. argillaceus and Z. subfasciatus individuals from the Pacific coast clustered in two separated clades, identically to the pattern obtained for COI and 28S rRNA. An additional analysis showed that Z. subfasciatus individuals from the Mexican Altiplano also possessed the cytb gene present in individuals of this species from the Pacific coast. Zabrotes subfasciatus individuals from the Mexican Altiplano thus demonstrated two cytb genes, an "original" one and an "infectious" one, showing 25% of nucleotide divergence. The "infectious" cytb gene seems to be under purifying selection and to be expressed in mitochondria. CONCLUSION: The high degree of incongruence of the cytb tree with patterns for other genes is discussed in the light of three hypotheses: experimental contamination, hybridization, and pseudogenisation. However, none of these seem able to explain the patterns observed. A fourth hypothesis, involving recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between A. obtectus and A. obvelatus, and from one of these species to Z. subfasciatus in the Mexican Altiplano, seems the only plausible explanation. The HGT between our study species seems to have occurred recently, and only in a zone where the three beetles are sympatric and share common host plants. This suggests that transfer could have been effected by some external vector such as a eukaryotic or viral parasite, which might still host the transferred fragment. REVIEWERS: This article was reviewed by Eric Bapteste, Adam Eyre-Walker and Alexey Kondrashov

Mejoramiento de la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de cuarto grado de básica primaria mediante el desarrollo de estrategias cognitivas con el apoyo de un recurso TIC

320 Páginas.El presente documento, da cuenta de una propuesta investigativa desde la mirada de la Investigación Acción Educativa denominada “Mejoramiento de la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de cuarto grado de básica primaria mediante el desarrollo de estrategias cognitivas con el apoyo de un recurso TIC”. El estudio se desarrolló en la Institución Educativa (IE) Roberto Velandia, sede Nuevo Milenio, ubicada en Mosquera, Cundinamarca; específicamente en el grado cuarto. Dicha intención surge de la necesidad por mejorar el nivel de comprensión lectora vinculando las nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC), como mecanismo facilitador de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Respecto a la metodología, se siguió un proceso de investigación-acción educativa, a través de la cual se realizan diferentes acciones que permiten corroborar la existencia de una situación problémica que da paso al estudio y aplicación de ciertas posibles estrategias que posibiliten el mejoramiento de la misma; así, se presenta el marco contextual, la formulación y la justificación de la situación problémica, sustentando y definiendo el plan de acción que se aplica dentro de la institución en la que se lleva a cabo la investigación. Para realizar estas acciones, en primera instancia, se realizó la aplicación de una prueba para establecer el nivel de comprensión lectora de 40 estudiantes de cuarto (4°) grado de la Institución Educativa Roberto Velandia, de la cual dos de las investigadoras son docentes; y, por otra parte, se aplicaron encuestas a tres directivos docentes y a los 40 estudiantes de la institución, para establecer condiciones institucionales y personales favorables al propósito buscado. La información recolectada, permitió generar procesos reflexivos ante las problemáticas observadas y sirvió como como referente para el diseño y aplicación de cuatro talleres basados en estrategias cognitivas de lectura, al interior de un blog, producto de la presente investigación como respuesta a la problemática en lectura del grupo de estudiantes evaluado. Al término de este trabajo investigativo, se evidenció cómo los estudiantes, a través del uso de estrategias cognitivas, obtienen importantes beneficios en el rendimiento de comprensión lectora

Contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in adolescents with and without tinnitus

The severity of tinnitus has a high variability; it can potentially cause serious anxiety disorders and in some cases it can even lead to depression. Currently, one of the hypotheses of the genesis of tinnitus involves a deterioration in the functioning of medial olivocochlear system (MOCS). The functioning of the MOCS is evaluated through the contralateral suppression (CS) of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) by comparing the amplitudes without and with contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS). The aim of the present study was to analyze the functioning of the MOCS in adolescents with and without tinnitus through the CS of the TEOAEs. A cross-sectional correlational descriptive study was carried out, involving 77 adolescents (n = 154 ears) with normal hearing with and without tinnitus, who underwent TEOAEs testing without and with CAS using white noise at 50 dB. The results evidenced that the adolescents without tinnitus showed higher global amplitude and higher amplitude in the frequencies 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 Hz, in both conditions without and with CAS, in comparison to the adolescents with tinnitus. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) in the 1000 Hz frequency and in the global amplitude, without and with CAS. In addition, the adolescents with tinnitus showed less difference between the global amplitudes in the conditions without and with CAS (suppression effect). These results suggest a possible relation between the functioning of the MOCS and the presence or absence of tinnitus, which could contribute to confirm the hypothesis of the involvement of the MOCS in the generation of tinnitus.http://ica2016.org.ar/website/proceedings/Fil: Hinalaf, María de los Ángeles. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica (CINTRA). Unidad Asociada del CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Maggi, Ana Luz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Fonoaudiología; Argentina.Fil: Biassoni, Ester Cristina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica (CINTRA). Unidad Asociada del CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Hüg, Mercedes X. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica (CINTRA). Unidad Asociada del CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Hüg, Mercedes X. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina.Fil: Perez Villalobo, Jorge. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Centro de Investigación y Transferencia en Acústica (CINTRA). Unidad Asociada del CONICET; Argentina.Fil: Grill, Karen. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Fonoaudiología; Argentina.Fil: Ordoñez, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Fonoaudiología; Argentina.Fil: Righetti, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Estadísticas y Demografía; Argentina.Otras Ciencias de la Salu

Structural connectivity in a single case of progressive prosopagnosia: The role of the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Progressive prosopagnosia (PP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a progressive and selective inability to recognize and identify faces of familiar people. Here we report a patient (G.S.) with PP, mainly related to a prominent deficit in recognition of familiar faces, without a semantic (cross-modal) impairment. An in-depth evaluation showed that his deficit extended to other classes of objects, both living and non-living. A follow-up neuropsychological assessment did not reveal substantial changes after about 1 year. Structural MRI showed predominant right temporal lobe atrophy. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed to elucidate structural connectivity of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), the two major tracts that project through the core fusiform region to the anterior temporal and frontal cortices, respectively. Right ILF was markedly reduced in G.S., while left ILF and IFOFs were apparently preserved. These data are in favour of a crucial role of the neural circuit subserved by right ILF in the pathogenesis of PP