Design and validation of a strategy for teacher training with a STEM approach.

En la actualidad uno de los retos que afronta la educación STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) es alfabetizar a todos los agentes involucrados en el aprendizaje. A partir de lo anterior, el presente trabajo se centra en el diseño y validación de una estrategia, para la formación de maestros desde un enfoque STEM, siguiendo la metodología de aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP), a partir, de la conformación de comunidades de práctica.Currently, one of the challenges facing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education is to make all the agents involved in learning literate. Based on the above, this paper focuses on the design and validation of a strategy for the training of teachers from a STEM approach, following the methodology of Project Based Learning (PBL), from the formation of communities of practice

Spain intra-industry trade in Latin America a bilateral analysis 2011 - 2021

26 p.The analysis and impact of international trade have been taking on great importance as a factor of macroeconomic prosperity; in the same way, the pattern of trade impacts the competitiveness of the country's industries. In this sense, the simultaneous exports and imports of the same sector that determine intra-industrial trade impact on the sectoral competitiveness trough the generation of international trade of industries and products belonging to the same statistical category; then not based on the comparative advantages of international trade; but on the competitive advantages derived from the differentiation of products and added value. Under this focus, the study of intra-industry trade between Spain and Latin America during the period 2011-2021 is the basic objective of this working paperEl análisis e impacto del comercio internacional ha ido tomando gran importancia como factor de prosperidad macroeconómica; de la misma manera que el patrón de comercio impacta la competitividad de las industrias de un país. En este sentido, las exportaciones e importaciones simultáneas de un mismo sector que determinan el comercio intraindustrial impactan en la competitividad sectorial al generar comercio internacional de sectores y productos pertenecientes a la misma categoría estadística; es decir, no basados en las ventajas comparativas del comercio internacional; sino en las ventajas competitivas derivadas de la diferenciación de productos y el valor añadido. Bajo este enfoque, el propósito básico de este documento de trabajo es el estudio del comercio intraindustrial entre España y Latinoamérica en el período 2011-2021

Los carnavales de México. Una aproximación a su regionalidad y regionalización

Carnivals are opportunities to understand a wide range of dynamics, processes, and historical periods. Analyzing them implies more than a simple description or an isolated glance. In the emerging field of carnival studies, it is necessary to identify, categorize, and theorize about the intra- and interregional differences and similarities in order to understand the possible macroprocesses and the historical, territorial, social, cultural, ethnic, and political factors that have shaped the diverse nature of these celebrations. Inversely, it is useful to examine how certain regions manifest particular types of carnivals. A review of contrasting literature using the theoretical framework of regionalization illustrates the need for a regional focus in the analysis of the human-cultural expression of carnival in Mexico and their particular expressions in the regions or states of the country, encouraging the creation of a truly glocal-regional understanding and the strengthening of this field of studies.Los carnavales son oportunidades para comprender dinámicas, procesos y periodos históricos, y analizarlos implica más que descripciones simples o miradas aisladas. En el campo emergente de los estudios sobre el carnaval hace falta identificar, categorizar y teorizar las diferencias y similitudes intra e interregionales para comprender los posibles macroprocesos y los factores históricos, territoriales, sociales, culturales, étnicos y políticos que formaron la diversidad de estas celebraciones; de manera inversa, es útil indagar acerca de cómo en algunas regiones se manifiestan ciertos tipos de carnaval. Mediante una revisión y contraste bibliográfico desde un enfoque de regionalidad, se analiza y categoriza la expresión humano-cultural del carnaval en México, buscando catalogar su presencia en diferentes regiones y estados para ilustrar qué regionalidad(es) caracteriza(n) el carnaval en el país y sostener que el análisis regional facilita una comprensión glocal profunda que puede reforzar el campo de los estudios sobre el tema

Propuesta para la implementación de la ISO 9001:2015 en la empresa HSEQ de Colombia S.A.S.

53p

Characterization of Impulse Oscillometric Measures of Respiratory Small Airway Function in Children

Children suffering from asthma are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as their symptoms are similar to other respiratory conditions. Spirometry, the "golden" pulmonary function test used for asthma diagnosis, is often unsuitable for young children since it requires them to perform extreme inhalation and exhalation maneuvers. Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) is an effortless, child-friendly, sensitive, and reliable testing technique that could be used in the effective diagnosis of asthma. However, the IOS requires a deep understanding of the mechanical and/or equivalent electrical circuit models of the human respiratory system, which hinders its broad acceptance and utility in clinics. This paper presents a data characterization study based on the statistical assessment of the IOS parameters. The main focus is to investigate four different manifestations of pulmonary conditions in children due to peripheral obstruction: Asthma (A), Small Airway Impairment (SAI), Possible Small Airway Impairment (PSAI), and Normal (N). The objective of this investigation is to pave the way for the feature selection stage of our future computer-aided classification work to distinguish between lung dysfunction and healthy lung function in children by identifying those IOS parameters that are most sensitive to discriminate between the different respiratory conditions mentioned above. Our ultimate goal is to facilitate the interpretation of the impulse oscillometric test results and provide clinicians with a reliable and proven method for accurate classification of children's lung function for an early asthma detection, diagnosis, and control

Historiar el carnaval en Chiapas: un reto de historiografía, análisis, síntesis y (re)construcción

As celebrations associated with Catholic and indigenous calendars, carnivals in Chiapas are occasions to gather, interact positively in a group setting, celebrate, and create semiotic resilience. To date, the systematic study of carnivals in Chiapas is an emergent field: Intraregional differences and similarities are still poorly understood, as are the carnivals’ regional development in historical, territorial, social, and ethnic terms. In this article, we undertake a historical analysis of carnivals in Chiapas by means of a bibliographical and historiographical systematization, a semiotic and symbolic contrastive analysis of 24 carnivals, and a proposed general timeline of the carnival phenomenon in Chiapas. The principal objective is to contribute to and strengthen the study of the carnival and to encourage a critical discussion of what this subject might offer to a new type of “other” history.Los carnavales como fiesta originaria y del calendario católico en Chiapas son ocasiones de reunión, convivencia grupal, celebración y resiliencia semiótica. Hasta la fecha, su estudio sistematizado en el estado se encuentra apenas en estado emergente: hace falta registrar, analizar y comprender las diferencias y las similitudes intrarregionales, así como su desarrollo en términos históricos, territoriales, sociales, étnicos y glocales. Este artículo busca historiar el carnaval en Chiapas. Se presenta una sistematización bibliográfica e historiográfica, una contrastación semiótica y simbólica de los 24 carnavales detectados y una propuesta de posible línea de tiempo para el fenómeno del carnaval en el estado. Su objetivo principal es aportar al campo de estudio del carnaval, fortalecerlo, y motivar la discusión crítica de lo que como objeto de estudio puede ofrecer a la escritura de una nueva historia “otra”

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Región de Urabá, Bello, El Dovio, Pereira y Calarcá

En el presente trabajo se toma como herramienta la imagen y la narrativa para el análisis y abordaje de temas de violencia, que en este caso particular el relato de Oscar Alberto Bravo muestra la cruda realidad a la cual se ven enfrentados los campesinos, sufriendo las secuelas que dejan las minas anti persona. Donde se ha tenido que enfrentar no solo a las secuelas que quedan a nivel físico y emocional, sino a los cambios que tuvo que hacer en su proyecto de vida. Por sus condiciones debe enfrentarse a la discriminación, dificultándose así acceder a un buen empleo, la reparación a la cual es merecedor según lo plantea la ley 1448 ha presentado varias inconsistencias, sin poder hacer efectivos sus derechos, lo cual ha representado para él tener que postergar el cumplimiento de sus metas y proyectos. Pese a las dificultades en Oscar ha emergido el deseo por ayudar a otras personas. A manera de tener un conocimiento más amplio sobre este caso, se formulan preguntas estratégicas, circulares y reflexivas. Las cuales llevan a su vez a que la persona que vivencio estos eventos, reflexione sobre los mismos no solo desde un rol de victima sino de sobreviviente, lo cual permite tener una postura diferente frente a su situación, donde se lleva a la persona a identificar otros recursos a nivel personal y que le ofrece el medio como una forma de crear un futuro más esperanzador. Se presenta el análisis del caso “Pandurí” el cual refleja la situación de una comunidad que se enfrenta al dolor y miedo por la muerte violenta de varios de sus líderes y por el desplazamiento forzado. El análisis se hace desde preguntas orientadoras, donde además se proponen acciones que den apoyo a la situación y algunas estrategias que permitan potenciar habilidades de afrontamiento de los eventos. Finalmente se presenta el informe analítico y reflexivo entorno al ejercicio de foto voz y link del blog donde se exponen las experiencias de cada integrante del grupo colaborativo.In this paper is taken as a tool the image and narrative for the analysis and approach of issues of violence, which in this particular case the story of Oscar Alberto Bravo shows us the stark reality to which our peasants are faced, suffering the aftermath that the anti-personnel mines leave. Where he has had to confront not only the sequels that remain at the physical and emotional level, but the changes he had to make in his life project. Due to its conditions must face discrimination, making it difficult to access a good job, the reparation to which it is deserving as proposed by law 1448 has presented several inconsistencies, without being able to make their rights effective, which has represented For him to have to postpone the fulfillment of his goals and projects. Despite the difficulties in Oscar has emerged the desire to help other people. In order to have a broader understanding of this case, strategic, circular and reflective questions are formulated. Which lead in turn to the person who experienced these events reflect on them not only from a role of victim but of survivor, which allows to have a different position in front of their situation, where it takes the person to identify other resources On a personal level and that offers you the means as a way to create a more hopeful future. It presents the analysis of the case "Pandurí" which reflects the situation of a community facing the pain and fear for the violent death of several of its leaders and forced displacement. The analysis is done from guiding questions, where they also propose actions that give support to the situation and some strategies that allow strengthening the coping skills of the events. Finally presents the analytical and reflective report around the exercise of photo voice and link of the blog where they expose the experiences of each member of the collaborative group

Una comunidad de saber con-sentido pedagógico. Experiencia de la Red de Instituciones por la Evaluación: avances, proyecciones, desafíos y recomendaciones

Esta publicación tiene como propósito compartir los avances logrados por la RIE durante sus dos años de funcionamiento. Constituye un material para la reflexión sobre lo que hacen los maestros y maestras de la ciudad para enriquecer la evaluación de los aprendizajes y favorecer el desarrollo social, afectivo, emocional y cognitivo de los estudiantes. En este sentido, se trata de un documento de referencia que se complementa y amplía con elementos académicos, técnicos y didácticos, como la Caja de Herramientas “Ideas compartidas: lo que hacemos cuando evaluamos con-sentido pedagógico”, dispuesto en el Portal Educativo Red Académica de la Secretaría de Educación del Distrito

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49\ub74% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46\ub74–52\ub70). The TFR decreased from 4\ub77 livebirths (4\ub75–4\ub79) to 2\ub74 livebirths (2\ub72–2\ub75), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83\ub78 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197\ub72% (193\ub73–200\ub78) since 1950, from 2\ub76 billion (2\ub75–2\ub76) to 7\ub76 billion (7\ub74–7\ub79) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2\ub70%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1\ub71% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2\ub75% in 1963 to 0\ub77% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2\ub77%. The global average age increased from 26\ub76 years in 1950 to 32\ub71 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59\ub79% to 65\ub73%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1\ub70 livebirths (95% UI 0\ub79–1\ub72) in Cyprus to a high of 7\ub71 livebirths (6\ub78–7\ub74) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0\ub708 livebirths (0\ub707–0\ub709) in South Korea to 2\ub74 livebirths (2\ub72–2\ub76) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0\ub73 livebirths (0\ub73–0\ub74) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3\ub71 livebirths (3\ub70–3\ub72) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2\ub70% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress