Problemáticas en la estructuración, implementación y control de las políticas de comercio exterior en la agricultura : especial énfasis en el sector del azúcar

En el presente trabajo, se pretende, estudiar la forma en que la política de comercio exterior y los órganos especializados que la definan al interior del Gobierno y la agricultura se relacionan y se complementan, lo que comprende la identificación de problemas que se presentan al interior de esta relación, y de las soluciones que parezcan ser pertinentes. Lo anterior, se hace sobre la base de que, los dos supuestos antes mencionados, son fundamentales para la consecución de los objetivos que en materia económica y social se tienen por parte del Estado. Para el cumplimiento de estos fines se estudiará, de manera específica, una actividad del sector agrícola: el azúcar, dentro del contexto de las decisiones del Comité Triple A.In the present document, it is pretended, to study the way in which the policies in foreign trade and the specialized bodies that define them into the National Government and the agriculture are associated and complement each other. That activity supposes to identify problems that could be found inside the referred relation, but, besides, to point out possible solutions that seem to be pertinent for them. All the mentioned until that moment is done under the base that the related matters are fundamental to accomplish the social and economic objectives that are pursued by our State. In order to realize the proposed goals, it would be studied one productive activity of the agricultural sector in a specific way inside the context of the decisions made by the Triple A Committee: the sugar.Abogado (a)Pregrad

Sistema de relaciones entre los Estados y las Confesiones en la Unión Europea

Hoy en día se crítica de manera constante la relación entre el Estado y religión que hay en España, pero ¿qué ocurre en los otros Estados que forman parte de la Unión Europea? Este trabajo tiene por objeto el análisis de las relaciones entre los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y las confesiones que se encuentran en sus territorios.<br /

Neural markers of social and monetary rewards in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder

Recent theories of decision making propose a shared value-related brain mechanism for encoding monetary and social rewards. We tested this model in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and control children. We monitored participants’ brain dynamics using high density-electroencephalography while they played a monetary and social reward tasks. Control children exhibited a feedback Error-Related Negativity (fERN) modulation and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) source activation during both tasks. Remarkably, although cooperation resulted in greater losses for the participants, the betrayal options generated greater fERN responses. ADHD subjects exhibited an absence of fERN modulation and reduced ACC activation during both tasks. ASD subjects exhibited normal fERN modulation during monetary choices and inverted fERN/ACC responses in social options than did controls. These results suggest that in neurotypicals, monetary losses and observed disloyal social decisions induced similar activity in the brain value system. In ADHD children, difficulties in reward processing affected early brain signatures of monetary and social decisions. Conversely, ASD children showed intact neural markers of value-related monetary mechanisms, but no brain modulation by prosociality in the social task. These results offer insight into the typical and atypical developments of neural correlates of monetary and social reward processing.Fil: González-Gadea, María Luz. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias (LPEN), Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFil: Sigman, Mariano. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Escuela de Negocios, Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFil: Ratazzi, Alexia. Programa Argentino para Niños, Adolescentes y Adultos con Condiciones del Espectro Autista (PANAACEA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFil: Lavin, Claudio. Centre for the Study of Argumentation and Reasoning, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile. Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social (LaNCyS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, ChileFil: Rivera Rei, Álvaro. Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social (LaNCyS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, ChileFil: Marino, Julián. Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Grupo de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Universidad de Granada, EspañaFil: Manes, Facundo.Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Grupo de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Universidad de Granada, EspañaFil: Ibáñez, Agustín. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCYT), Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias (LPEN), Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), New South Wales, Australia. Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombi

Intraneural IFG-1 in cryopreserved nerve isografts increase neural regeneration and functional recovery in the rat sciatic nerve

[Abstract] Background: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was found to stimulate Schwann cell mitosis. Exogenous IGF-1 may improve nerve regeneration after cryopreservation. Objective: To evaulate the effect of intraneural administration of IGF-1 in cryopreserved nerve isografts. Methods: Eighteen millimeter grafts were used for bridging an 18-mm defect in the rat sciatic nerve. A total of 57 rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) autograft (Group 1); (2) cryopreserved isograft (Group 2); (3) cryopreserved isograft with intraneural IGF-1 administration (Group 3). 12 weeks after surgery, functional recovery (Sciatic functional index [SFI], Swing speed [SS], nerve conduction velocity [NCV], amplitude of compound motor action potentials [CMAP], and gastrocnemius muscle index [GMI]) and nerve regeneration (myelin sheath area, total fiber counts, fiber density, and fiber width) were all evaluated. Results: The intraneural injection of IGF-1 significantly improved SFI and SS at weeks 10 and 12. There were no statistical differences between Groups 1 and 3 in any of the SFI or SS evaluations. CMAP and NCV in Group 1 were significantly higher than in Groups 2 and 3, and Group 3 had significantly higher CMAP and NCV compared to Group 2. No significant differences were found in fiber width. The number of nerve fibers, percentage of myelinated fibers, fiber density, and GMI was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2, but no significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 3. Conclusion: The results show that intraneural injection of IGF-1 in an 18 mm cryopreserved isograft improve axonal regeneration and functional recovery

The TT Genotype of the STAT4 rs7574865 Polymorphism Is Associated with High Disease Activity and Disability in Patients with Early Arthritis

[Background] The number of copies of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope, and the minor alleles of the STAT4 rs7574865 and the PTPN22 rs2476601 polymorphisms have all been linked with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of these genetic variants on disease activity and disability in patients with early arthritis. [Methodology and Results] We studied 640 patients with early arthritis (76% women; median age, 52 years), recording disease-related variables every 6 months during a 2-year follow-up. HLA-DRB1 alleles were determined by PCR-SSO, while rs7574865 and rs2476601 were genotyped with the Taqman 5′ allelic discrimination assay. Multivariate analysis was performed using generalized estimating equations for repeated measures. After adjusting for confounding variables such as gender, age and ACPA, the TT genotype of rs7574865 in STAT4 was associated with increased disease activity (DAS28) as compared with the GG genotype (β coefficient [95% confidence interval] = 0.42 [0.01–0.83], p = 0.044). Conversely, the presence of the T allele of rs2476601 in PTPN22 was associated with diminished disease activity during follow-up in a dose-dependent manner (CT genotype = −0.27 [−0.56– −0.01], p = 0.042; TT genotype = −0.68 [−1.64– −0.27], p = 0.162). After adjustment for gender, age and disease activity, homozygosity for the T allele of rs7574865 in STAT4 was associated with greater disability as compared with the GG genotype. [Conclusions] Our data suggest that patients with early arthritis who are homozygous for the T allele of rs7574865 in STAT4 may develop a more severe form of the disease with increased disease activity and disability.This work was partially supported by the RETICS (Redes Tematicas de Investigación Cooperativa, Cooperative Research Thematic Networks) Program, RD08/0075 (RIER) and FIS (Fondo de Investigación en Salud) Health Research Fund grant FIS 08/0754 to IG-A from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII; www.isciii.es) and by grants from the European Innovative Medicines Initiative and BTCure Program (http://www.life-sciences-europe.com/orga​nisation/btcure-project-imi-efpia-201103​-innovative-medicines-initiative-2001-28​657.html). The work of IG-A was in part supported by a Research Intensification Grant from the National Health Care System (Instituto Carlos III; www.isciii.es), Madrid, Spain

Analysis of the Interferon Gamma (rs2430561, +874T/A) Functional Gene Variant in Relation to the Presence of Cardiovascular Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Since interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) has a direct effect on inflammation, in this study we assessed the potential association of the IFNG functional gene variant rs2430561 with CV disease in patients with RA. METHODS: One thousand six hundred and thirty-five patients fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for RA were genotyped for the IFNG (rs2430561, +874T/A) gene polymorphism using TaqMan genotyping assay. Patients were stratified according to the presence of CV events or not. Logistic regression models to explain the presence of CV disease according to the IFNG rs2430561 allele distribution were performed. The potential influence of this variant in the development of subclinical atherosclerosis was also analyzed in a subgroup of patients with no history of CV events to determine carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) (n = 286) and presence of carotid plaques. Levels of the cytokine were determined in a subgroup of patients by ELISA. RESULTS: Adjusted logistic regression model disclosed that presence of the minor allele A was not associated with increased risk of suffering CV events in RA patients. Besides, differences did not achieve statistical significance regarding carotid IMT and presence of carotid plaques in RA patients carrying IFNG rs2430561 variant allele. Levels of IFN-γ were higher in patients who had suffered CV events compared to patients who did not. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support a role of IFNG rs2430561 (+874T/A) functional gene variant in the development of CV disease in RA patients

Association of metreleptin treatment and dietary intervention with neurological outcomes in Celia's encephalopathy

Celia’s encephalopathy (progressive encephalopathy with/without lipodystrophy, PELD) is a recessive neurodegenerative disease that is fatal in childhood. It is caused by a c.985C>T variant in the BSCL2/seipin gene that results in an aberrant seipin protein. We evaluated neurological development before and during treatment with human recombinant leptin (metreleptin) plus a dietary intervention rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the only living patient. A 7 years and 10 months old girl affected by PELD was treated at age 3 years with metreleptin, adding at age 6 omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Her mental age was evaluated using the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test (BDI), and brain PET/MRI was performed before treatment and at age 5, 6.5, and 7.5 years. At age 7.5 years, the girl remains alive and leads a normal life for her mental age of 30 months, which increased by 4 months over the last 18 months according to BDI. PET images showed improved glucose uptake in the thalami, cerebellum, and brainstem. This patient showed a clear slowdown in neurological regression during leptin replacement plus a high PUFA diet. The aberrant BSCL2 transcript was overexpressed in SH-SY5Y cells and was treated with docosahexaenoic acid (200 µM) plus leptin (0.001 mg/ml) for 24 h. The relative expression of aberrant BSCL2 transcript was measured by qPCR. In vitro studies showed significant reduction (32%) in aberrant transcript expression. This therapeutic approach should be further studied in this devastating disease.This work was supported by the Fundación Mutua Madrileña and by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund, FEDER (PI13/00314).S

Osteoprotegerin CGA Haplotype Protection against Cerebrovascular Complications in Anti-CCP Negative Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease with high incidence of cardiovascular disease due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic disease in the general population. Several polymorphisms in the OPG gene with functional effects on cardiovascular disease in non-rheumatic individuals have been described. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of three of these functional OPG polymorphisms on the risk of cardiovascular disease in a large and well-characterized cohort of Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Three OPG gene variants (rs3134063, rs2073618 and rs3134069) were genotyped by TaqMan assays in 2027 Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody testing was positive in 997 of 1714 tested. Also, 18.3% of the whole series had experienced cardiovascular events, including 5.4% with cerebrovascular accidents. The relationship between OPG variants and cardiovascular events was assessed using Cox regression. RESULTS: No association between OPG gene variants and cardiovascular disease was observed in the whole group of rheumatoid arthritis patients or in anti-CCP positive patients. Nevertheless, a protective effect of CGA haplotype on the risk of cardiovascular disease in general, and specifically in the risk of cerebrovascular complications after adjusting for sex, age at disease diagnosis and traditional cardiovascular risk factors was disclosed in anti-CCP negative patients (HR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.31-0.95; p = 0.032 and HR = 0.17; 95%CI: 0.04-0.78; p = 0.022, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a protective effect of the OPG CGA haplotype on cardiovascular risk, mainly due to a protective effect against cerebrovascular events in anti-CCP negative rheumatoid arthritis patients

MAFG is a potential therapeutic target to restore chemosensitivity in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells by increasing reactive oxygen species

Adjuvant chemotherapy for solid tumors based on platinum-derived compounds such as cisplatin is the treatment of choice in most cases. Cisplatin triggers signaling pathways that lead to cell death, but it also induces changes in tumor cells that modify the therapeutic response, thereby leading to cisplatin resistance. We have recently reported that microRNA-7 is silenced by DNA methylation and is involved in the resistance to platinum in cancer cells through the action of the musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein G (MAFG). In the present study, we first confirm the miR-7 epigenetic regulation of MAFG in 44 normal- and/or tumor-paired samples in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We also provide translational evidence of the role of MAFG and the clinical outcome in NSCLC by the interrogation of two extensive in silico databases of 2019 patients. Moreover, we propose that MAFG-mediated resistance could be conferred due to lower reactive oxygen species production after cisplatin exposure. We developed specifically selected aptamers against MAFG, with high sensitivity to detect the protein at a nuclear level probed by aptacytochemistry and histochemistry analyses. The inhibition of MAFG activity through the action of the specific aptamer apMAFG6F increased the levels of reactive oxygen species production and the sensitivity to cisplatin. We report first the specific nuclear identification of MAFG as a novel detection method for diagnosis in NSCLC, and then we report that MAFG modulates the redox response and confers cell protection against free radicals generated after platinum administration, thus also being a promising therapeutic target.This study was supported by the “Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Instituto de Salud Carlos III” [PI15/00186 and CP 08/000689 to I.I.C. ] ; and the European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund FIS [FEDER/FSE, Una Manera de Hacer Europa] . MINECO funds support O.V., C.R.A. and O.P.contracts through RTC-2015-4362-1 and RTC-2016-5314-1 projects

Pilot study of cutaneous tolerability of fibrin-agarose substitutes in healthy volunteers

Objetivos: En el presente estudio se persigue comprobar posibles reacciones adversas, derivadas del uso tópico de láminas de fibrina-agarosa en el antebrazo de voluntarios sanos. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental en siete voluntarios sanos, cinco varones y dos mujeres, que no presentaban ningún tipo de lesión cutánea visible. En el antebrazo de cada voluntario se colocaron dos láminas de fibrina-agarosa de 4 cm2 . Cada lámina se cubrió con un apósito impregnado y sobre una de las láminas se aplicó pomada antibiótica con mupirocina. Ambas láminas se cubrieron finalmente con un apósito protector y se mantuvieron en contacto directo sobre la piel durante 48 horas. Resultados: Los resultados determinaron que no se detectaron reacciones adversas después de 48 horas de evolución ni en los siguientes 7 días en ningún voluntario. Se observaron diferencias entre las dos láminas implantadas en cada voluntario, ya que al retirar el apósito cubierto con pomada antibiótica, la lámina presentaba un aspecto más hidratado que la que no llevaba pomada antibiótica. Conclusiones: El uso tópico de las láminas de fibrina-agarosa en voluntarios sanos no presenta reacciones adversas del tipo irritación o alergia al aplicarse directamente por vía tópica. Aunque el tamaño muestral del estudio es limitado, sugiere que la combinación de fibrina-agarosa se presenta como el biomaterial idóneo para el desarrollo de un modelo de piel artificial humana.Purpose: This study aims to analyse possible adverse reactions resulting from the topical use of fibrin-agarose substitutes in the forearm of healthy volunteers. Methods: An experimental study was carried out in seven healthy volunteers, five males and two females, who did not have any cutaneous lesion. Two fibrin-agarose substitutes of 4 cm2 were placed in the forearm of each volunteer. Each substitute was covered with an impregnated dressing and one of the substitutes was covered with antibiotic ointment (mupirocin). Both substitutes were finally covered with a protective dressing. The substitutes were maintained for 48 hours. Results: The results determined that no adverse reactions were detected in any volunteer after 48 hours and a week of evolution. Differences were observed between the two substitutes implanted in each volunteer, since when removing the covered dressing with antibiotic ointment, the substitute presented a more hydrated appearance than the one without antibiotic cream. Conclusions: The implant of fibrin-agarose substitutes in healthy volunteers does not present irritation or allergic type adverse reactions when they applied directly topically on the skin. Although the sample size is low, the fibrin-agarose combination is presented as the biomaterial suitable for the development of an artificial human skin model