Fatores associados a infecção clinica e subclinica do trato genital feminino pelo papilomavirus humano

Orientadores: Paulo Cesar Giraldo, Jose Antonio Simões, Sophie F. M. DerchainDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: As causas que levam uma paciente a manifestar diferentes formas de infecção genital pelo HPV, ainda não são claras. A fim de estudar possíveis fatores, incluindo as vulvovaginites, que pudessem estar associados à ocorrência das diferentes formas de lesões genitais determinadas pelo HPV, foram analisados os dados de 290 mulheres com diagnóstico histológico desta doença e que apresentaram exclusivamente lesões clínicas (206 casos) ou subclínicas (84 casos) que freqüentavam o Ambulatório de Infecções Genitais do Departamento de Tocoginecologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Foi realizado estudo de corte transversal, retrospectivo e observacional, para identificação de quais das seguintes variáveis: idade, união conjugal, escolaridade, cor de pele, número de gestações, partos e abortos anteriores, métodos anticonceptivos, número de parceiros, início da atividade sexual e freqüência de relações sexuais semanais pudessem estar associadas à forma clínica ou subclínica da doença, bem como, verificar a prevalência das vulvovaginites, isoladas ou não, e suas associações com as formas de lesão determinadas pelo HPV. Identificaram-se, também as alterações da flora vaginal e suas possíveis associações ao condiloma acuminado (HPV-clínico) ou lesão plana (HPV-subclínico). Tanto a análise bivariada, quanto a multivariada mostraram que as vulvovaginites não se associaram diferentemente às formas clínica e subclínica da infecção genital feminina pelo HPV. Mesmo assim, ficou claro a alta freqüência em que estas ocorrem na presença da lesão determinada pelo Papilomavírus humano (clínico 50,5% e subclínico 54,8%). Por outro lado, a análise estatística bivariada apontou a lesão subclínica mais freqüentemente associada à união conjugal não estável, uso de anticonceptivo hormonal injetável trimestral e finalização de partos anteriores (via vaginal). A análise múltipla com regressão identificou, ainda, que a menor idade, a união conjugal não estável, escolaridade superior e gestações anteriores, associaram-se significativamente às infecções na forma subclínica. A ausência de gestação anterior e finalização de parto anterior via alta (cesárea), associaram-se à forma clínica da infecção. Em nenhuma das análises pôde-se observar influências marcantes do comportamento sexual na expressão das lesões genitais HPV induzidas. Concluiu-se que, paralelamente aos tipos virais do HPV infectantes da genitália feminina, outros fatores estão associados aos diferentes tipos de expressão clínica da doençaAbstract: The causes which lead a patient to manifest different forms of HPV genital infection, are still not clear. To be able to identify possible factors, including vulvovaginitis, which could influence the manifestation of lesions caused by different types of HPV, 290 women with a histological/cytological diagnosis and presenting clínical (206 cases) or subclinical lesions (84 cases), were analysed. This was a retrospective, observational transversal cut study to identify the following variables: age, marital status, schooling, race, number of gestations, previous deliveries and miscarriages, contraceptive methods; number of sexual partners; freqüency of intercourse per week and age of first sexual experience, which could be associated to the type of lesion caused by HPV, as well as to verify the prevalence of vulvovaginitis and its association to lesions determined by HPV. Vulvovaginitis infections and vaginal flora disturbance, which could be associated to either condiloma acuminnata or flat lesion, were also identified. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis have shown that vulvovagnitis is not associated with the condiloma acuminnata or flat lesions caused by HPV in the female genital tract. In spite of this there was a high frequency of vulvovaginitis associated with both HPV clinical presentation (condiloma acumminata ¿ 50.5%) and flat lesions (54.8%). On the other hand, bivariate statistical analysis pointed to flat lesions being more frequentely associated to unstable marital status, intramuscular hormonal contraceptive and previous vaginal delivery. The multivariate regression analysis identified lower age group, unstable marital status, university level education, previous multiple gestations as being significantily associated with flat lesions. Lack of previous gestation and previous cesarian sections were associated with condiloma acumminata. Neither of the statistical analysis could highlight sexual behavior as a significant factor influencing HPV genital lesions. The conclusion reached was that, parallel to viral types of HPV, which infect the female genitalia, other factors can interfere in the type of lesion. Despite the fact of the freqüency of vulvovaginitis being high in these cases, it did not seem to interfere in the form of clinical or sub-clinical lesion presented. The conclusion reached was that parallel to HPV viral type, which infects the femal genital tract, there are other factors associated to different types of clinical manifestationMestradoTocoginecologiaMestre em Tocoginecologi

Valor do exame clinico especular e da anamnese para o diagnostico do corrimento vaginal

Orientador : Paulo Cesar GiraldoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasDoutorad

Genital ulcers in women: clinical, microbiologic and histopathologic characteristics

Female genital ulcer is a disease that affects a large number of women, and its etiologic diagnosis can be difficult. The disease may increase the risk of acquiring HIV. Genital ulcer may be present in sexually transmitted diseases (STD) - syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes, donovanosis, lymphogranuloma venereum and other non-STD disorders (NSTD) - Behçet's syndrome, pemphigus, Crohn's disease, erosive lichen planus and others. This study evaluated the clinical-histopathologic-microbiologic characteristics of female genital ulcers. A cross-sectional descriptive prospective study was conducted during a six-month period to investigate the first 53 women without a definitive diagnosis, seeking medical care for genital ulcers at a genital infections outpatient facility in a university hospital. A detailed and specific history was taken, followed by a dermatologic and gynecologic examination. In addition to collecting material from the lesions for microbiologic study, a biopsy of the ulcer was performed for histopathologic investigation. The average age of the patients was 32.7 years, 56.6% had junior high school education and higher education. The most frequent etiology was herpetic lesion, followed by auto-immune ulcers. At the time of their first consultation, around 60% of the women were using inadequate medication that was inconsistent with the final diagnosis. Histologic diagnosis was conclusive in only 26.4% of the patients (14/53). Cure was obtained in 99% of the cases after proper therapy. The female genital ulcers studied were equally distributed between sexually transmitted and non-sexually transmitted causes. Herpes was the most frequent type of genital ulcer, affecting women indiscriminately, mostly between the ages of 20 and 40 years. The etiologic diagnosis of herpetic ulcers is difficult to make even when various diagnostic methods are applied. It is imperative that NSTD should be included in the differential diagnoses of female genital ulcers. The histopathologic exam is not a diagnostic tool in the majority of cases and should not be considered the gold standard test, being of little value in cases of NSTD and STD ulcers.25426

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p&lt;0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p&lt;0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status