The trophectoderm acts as a niche for the inner cell mass through C/EBPα-regulated IL-6 signaling

IL-6 has been shown to be required for somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, how Il6 expression is regulated and whether it plays a role during embryo development remains unknown. Here, we describe that IL-6 is necessary for C/EBPα-enhanced reprogramming of B cells into iPSCs but not for B cell to macrophage transdifferentiation. C/EBPα overexpression activates both Il6 and Il6ra genes in B cells and in PSCs. In embryo development, Cebpa is enriched in the trophectoderm of blastocysts together with Il6, while Il6ra is mostly expressed in the inner cell mass (ICM). In addition, Il6 expression in blastocysts requires Cebpa. Blastocysts secrete IL-6 and neutralization of the cytokine delays the morula to blastocyst transition. The observed requirement of C/EBPα-regulated IL-6 signaling for pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming thus recapitulates a physiologic mechanism in which the trophectoderm acts as niche for the ICM through the secretion of IL-6.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Glyphosate does not substitute for glycine in proteins of actively dividing mammalian cells

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) and its commercial herbicide formulations have been shown to exert toxicity via various mechanisms. It has been asserted that glyphosate substitutes for glycine in polypeptide chains leading to protein misfolding and toxicity. However, as no direct evidence exists for glycine to glyphosate substitution in proteins, including in mammalian organisms, we tested this claim by conducting a proteomics analysis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells grown in the presence of 100 mg/L glyphosate for 6 days. Protein extracts from three treated and three untreated cell cultures were analysed as one TMT-6plex labelled sample, to highlight a specific pattern (+/+/+/−/−/−) of reporter intensities for peptides bearing true glyphosate treatment induced-post translational modifications as well as allowing an investigation of the total proteome

Glyphosate Detection by Means of a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue and Discrimination of Potential Interferents

A new electronic tongue to monitor the presence of glyphosate (a non-selective systemic herbicide) has been developed. It is based on pulse voltammetry and consists in an array of three working electrodes (Pt, Co and Cu) encapsulated on a methacrylate cylinder. The electrochemical response of the sensing array was characteristic of the presence of glyphosate in buffered water (phosphate buffer 0.1 mol·dm-3, pH 6.7). Rotating disc electrode (RDE) studies were carried out with Pt, Co and Cu electrodes in water at room temperature and at pH 6.7 using 0.1 mol·dm-3 of phosphate as a buffer. In the presence of glyphosate, the corrosion current of the Cu and Co electrodes increased significantly, probably due to the formation of Cu2+ or Co2+ complexes. The pulse array waveform for the voltammetric tongue was designed by taking into account some of the redox processes observed in the electrochemical studies. The PCA statistical analysis required four dimensions to explain 95% of variance. Moreover, a two-dimensional representation of the two principal components differentiated the water mixtures containing glyphosate. Furthermore, the PLS statistical analyses allowed the creation of a model to correlate the electrochemical response of the electrodes with glyphosate concentrations, even in the presence of potential interferents such as humic acids and Ca2+. The system offers a PLS prediction model for glyphosate detection with values of 098, -2.3 ¿ 10-5 and 0.94 for the slope, the intercept and the regression coefficient, respectively, which is in agreement with the good fit between the predicted and measured concentrations. The results suggest the feasibility of this system to help develop electronic tongues for glyphosate detection. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Financial support from the Spanish Government (Project MAT2009-14564-C04-01 and PCI-Mediterraneo A/024590/09/A/ 03044/10), the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO/2009/016), the UPV (project PAID-05-10) and its Centre de Cooperacio al Desenvolupament (Programa ADSIDEO-COOPERACIO 2010) is gratefully acknowledged.Bataller Prats, R.; Campos Sánchez, I.; Laguarda Miró, N.; Alcañiz Fillol, M.; Soto Camino, J.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Gil Sánchez, L.... (2012). Glyphosate Detection by Means of a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue and Discrimination of Potential Interferents. Sensors. 12:17553-17568. https://doi.org/10.3390/s121217553S175531756812Sierra, E. V., Méndez, M. A., Sarria, V. M., & Cortés, M. T. (2008). Electrooxidación de glifosato sobre electrodos de níquel y cobre. Química Nova, 31(2), 220-226. doi:10.1590/s0100-40422008000200006Sawchuk, J. W., Van Acker, R. C., & Friesen, L. F. (2006). Influence of a Range of Dosages of MCPA, Glyphosate, and Thifensulfuron: Tribenuron (2:1) on Conventional Canola (Brassica napus) and White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth and Yield. Weed Technology, 20(1), 184-197. doi:10.1614/wt-05-064r1.1Gasnier, C., Dumont, C., Benachour, N., Clair, E., Chagnon, M.-C., & Séralini, G.-E. (2009). Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology, 262(3), 184-191. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.006Kataoka, H., Ryu, S., Sakiyama, N., & Makita, M. (1996). Simple and rapid determination of the herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate in river water, soil and carrot samples by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 726(1-2), 253-258. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)01071-8MOTOJYUKU, M., SAITO, T., AKIEDA, K., OTSUKA, H., YAMAMOTO, I., & INOKUCHI, S. (2008). Determination of glyphosate, glyphosate metabolites, and glufosinate in human serum by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 875(2), 509-514. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.003De Llasera, M. P. G., Gómez-Almaraz, L., Vera-Avila, L. E., & Peña-Alvarez, A. (2005). Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of residues of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in tomato fruit. Journal of Chromatography A, 1093(1-2), 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.063Coutinho, C. F. B., Coutinho, L. F. M., Mazo, L. H., Nixdorf, S. L., & Camara, C. A. P. (2008). Rapid and direct determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water using anion-exchange chromatography with coulometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1208(1-2), 246-249. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.009Yoshioka, N., Asano, M., Kuse, A., Mitsuhashi, T., Nagasaki, Y., & Ueno, Y. (2011). Rapid determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, bialaphos, and their major metabolites in serum by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(23), 3675-3680. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.021SILVA, A. S., TÓTH, I. V., PEZZA, L., PEZZA, H. R., & LIMA, J. L. F. C. (2011). Determination of Glyphosate in Water Samples by Multi-pumping Flow System Coupled to a Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell. Analytical Sciences, 27(10), 1031. doi:10.2116/analsci.27.1031Amelin, V. G., Bol’shakov, D. S., & Tretiakov, A. V. (2012). Determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface water and vegetable oil by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 67(4), 386-391. doi:10.1134/s1061934812020037Da Silva, A. S., Fernandes, F. C. B., Tognolli, J. O., Pezza, L., & Pezza, H. R. (2011). A simple and green analytical method for determination of glyphosate in commercial formulations and water by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 79(5), 1881-1885. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.081Chiu, H.-Y., Lin, Z.-Y., Tu, H.-L., & Whang, C.-W. (2008). Analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1177(1), 195-198. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.042Jin, J., Takahashi, F., Kaneko, T., & Nakamura, T. (2010). Characterization of electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) with glyphosate as coreactant in aqueous solution. Electrochimica Acta, 55(20), 5532-5537. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.04.031Yang, G., Xu, X., Shen, M., Wang, W., Xu, L., Chen, G., & Fu, F. (2009). Determination of organophosphorus pesticides by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with collective sample-introduction technique. ELECTROPHORESIS, 30(10), 1718-1723. doi:10.1002/elps.200800387Oliveira, G. C., Moccelini, S. K., Castilho, M., Terezo, A. J., Possavatz, J., Magalhães, M. R. L., & Dores, E. F. G. C. (2012). Biosensor based on atemoya peroxidase immobilised on modified nanoclay for glyphosate biomonitoring. Talanta, 98, 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.059Songa, E. A., Somerset, V. S., Waryo, T., Baker, P. G. L., & Iwuoha, E. I. (2009). Amperometric nanobiosensor for quantitative determination of glyphosate and glufosinate residues in corn samples. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 81(1), 123-139. doi:10.1351/pac-con-08-01-15Khenifi, A., Derriche, Z., Forano, C., Prevot, V., Mousty, C., Scavetta, E., … Tonelli, D. (2009). Glyphosate and glufosinate detection at electrogenerated NiAl-LDH thin films. Analytica Chimica Acta, 654(2), 97-102. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.023Sánchez-Bayo, F., Hyne, R. V., & Desseille, K. L. (2010). An amperometric method for the detection of amitrole, glyphosate and its aminomethyl-phosphonic acid metabolite in environmental waters using passive samplers. Analytica Chimica Acta, 675(2), 125-131. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.013Aquino Neto, S., & de Andrade, A. R. (2009). Electrooxidation of glyphosate herbicide at different DSA® compositions: pH, concentration and supporting electrolyte effect. Electrochimica Acta, 54(7), 2039-2045. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.019Méndez, M. A., Súarez, M. F., Cortés, M. T., & Sarria, V. M. (2007). Electrochemical properties and electro-aggregation of silver carbonate sol on polycrystalline platinum electrode and its electrocatalytic activity towards glyphosate oxidation. Electrochemistry Communications, 9(10), 2585-2590. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2007.08.008COUTINHO, C., SILVA, M., CALEGARO, M., MACHADO, S., & MAZO, L. (2007). Investigation of copper dissolution in the presence of glyphosate using hydrodynamic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Solid State Ionics, 178(1-2), 161-164. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.10.027Songa, E. A., Arotiba, O. A., Owino, J. H. O., Jahed, N., Baker, P. G. L., & Iwuoha, E. I. (2009). Electrochemical detection of glyphosate herbicide using horseradish peroxidase immobilized on sulfonated polymer matrix. Bioelectrochemistry, 75(2), 117-123. doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.007Bratskaya, S., Golikov, A., Lutsenko, T., Nesterova, O., & Dudarchik, V. (2008). Charge characteristics of humic and fulvic acids: Comparative analysis by colloid titration and potentiometric titration with continuous pK-distribution function model. Chemosphere, 73(4), 557-563. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.014De Paolis, F., & Kukkonen, J. (1997). Binding of organic pollutants to humic and fulvic acids: Influence of pH and the structure of humic material. Chemosphere, 34(8), 1693-1704. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00026-xWang, S., Hu, J., Li, J., & Dong, Y. (2009). Influence of pH, soil humic/fulvic acid, ionic strength, foreign ions and addition sequences on adsorption of Pb(II) onto GMZ bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 44-51. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.079Chen, C., & Wang, X. (2007). Sorption of Th (IV) to silica as a function of pH, humic/fulvic acid, ionic strength, electrolyte type. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65(2), 155-163. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.07.003Heineke, D., Franklin, S. J., & Raymond, K. N. (1994). Coordination Chemistry of Glyphosate: Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Bis(glyphosate)metal(III) Complexes. Inorganic Chemistry, 33(11), 2413-2421. doi:10.1021/ic00089a017Woertz, K., Tissen, C., Kleinebudde, P., & Breitkreutz, J. (2010). Performance qualification of an electronic tongue based on ICH guideline Q2. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 51(3), 497-506. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.029Vlasov, Y., Legin, A., & Rudnitskaya, A. (2002). Electronic tongues and their analytical application. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 373(3), 136-146. doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1310-2Masot, R., Alcañiz, M., Fuentes, A., Schmidt, F. C., Barat, J. M., Gil, L., … Soto, J. (2010). Design of a low-cost non-destructive system for punctual measurements of salt levels in food products using impedance spectroscopy. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 158(2), 217-223. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2010.01.010Campos, I., Alcañiz, M., Aguado, D., Barat, R., Ferrer, J., Gil, L., … Vivancos, J.-L. (2012). A voltammetric electronic tongue as tool for water quality monitoring in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 46(8), 2605-2614. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.029Campos, I., Masot, R., Alcañiz, M., Gil, L., Soto, J., Vivancos, J. L., … Martínez-Mañez., R. (2010). Accurate concentration determination of anions nitrate, nitrite and chloride in minced meat using a voltammetric electronic tongue. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 149(1), 71-78. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.06.028García-Breijo, E., Barat, J. M., Torres, O. L., Grau, R., Gil, L., Ibáñez, J., … Fraile, R. (2008). Development of a puncture electronic device for electrical conductivity measurements throughout meat salting. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 148(1), 63-67. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.07.013Gil, L., Barat, J. M., Garcia-Breijo, E., Ibañez, J., Martínez-Máñez, R., Soto, J., … Toldrá, F. (2008). Fish freshness analysis using metallic potentiometric electrodes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 131(2), 362-370. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.052Labrador, R. H., Masot, R., Alcañiz, M., Baigts, D., Soto, J., Martínez-Mañez, R., … Barat, J. M. (2010). Prediction of NaCl, nitrate and nitrite contents in minced meat by using a voltammetric electronic tongue and an impedimetric sensor. 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Användning av en sensor med flera parametrar för övervakning av oljenedbrytning

The continuous monitoring in real time of the degradation of lubricants is of great interest for many different industries to optimize the use of lubricating oil in combustion engines. Traditional oil quality diagnostic methods can measure accurately the different levels of oil degradation, but they cannot be implemented on engines to perform continuous oil quality diagnostics. On the other hand, the different mechanisms that affect the quality of engine oil – e.g. contamination and thermal degradation – affect simultaneously the physical and chemical properties of the oil: this makes it difficult to identify and quantify each degradation form separately. This thesis aims at designing and comparing four diagnostic algorithms to predict continuously and separately the different levels of oil degradation in an engine. These algorithms, called Virtual Sensors, predict simultaneously the different levels of oil degradation based on the measurement provided by a multi-sensor called a Tuning Fork Sensor. To design these Virtual Sensors, regression analyses are performed based on sensor data collected in a lab on oil samples with known levels of degradation. Then, the Tuning Fork sensor is implemented in two locations of the oil circuit of a test-engine to determine the influence of the engine operating conditions and of the engine oil properties on the accuracy of the degradation predicted by each Virtual Sensor. It has been observed that the four Virtual Sensors can predict simultaneously the different levels of oil degradation with a satisfying accuracy when the prediction is based on lab data, but the prediction of these algorithms is highly sensitive to measurement errors. During engine operations, these measurement errors are mostly caused by large variations in the oil pressure in the circuit: this shows that the location in which pressure variations are minimal would optimize the accuracy of the prediction made by each Virtual Sensor. Furthermore, the accuracy of two of the Virtual Sensors depends greatly on the temperature range over which the sensor measures the properties of the oil: the location in which the oil temperature reaches its highest value during engine operations may optimize the accuracy of these algorithms.Kontinuerlig övervakning av nedbrytningen av smörjmedel är viktig för många olika industrier för att optimera användningen av smörjolja i förbränningsmotorer. Traditionella metoder för diagnostik av oljekvalitet kan mäta olika nivåer av oljenedbrytning med precision, men de kan inte användas i motorer för att mäta kontinuerligt oljekvalitet. Å andra sidan påverkar oljenedbrytning – t.ex. oljeförorening eller oxidation – samtidigt alla oljans fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper. Detta gör det svart att identifiera och kvantifiera varje nedbrytningsform separat. Målet med detta arbete är att utforma och jämföra fyra diagnostiska algoritmer som kontinuerligt förutsäga de olika nivåerna av oljenedbrytning i en motor. Dessa algoritmer, som kallas virtuella sensorer, förutsäger samtidigt de olika nivåerna av oljenedbrytning baserat på mätningar av en multisensor som kallas Tuning Fork Sensor. För att utforma dessa virtuella sensorer utförs regressionsanalyser med sensordata på oljeprover med kända nedbrytningsnivåer. Därefter installeras Tuning Fork Sensor på två ställen i oljekretsen i en testmotor för att fastställa hur driftförhållandena påverkar noggrannheten hos den nedbrytning som förutsägs av varje virtuell sensor. Dessutom används resultaten av förutsägelsen av nedbrytningen av motoroljan på varje plats för att bestämma den sensorposition som skulle maximera noggrannheten hos varje virtuell sensor. De fyra virtuella sensorerna samtidigt kan förutsäga de olika nivåerna av oljenedbrytning med tillfredsställande noggrannhet när förutsägelsen baseras på laboratoriedata, men förutsägelsen av dessa algoritmer är mycket känslig för mätfel. Under motordrift orsakas dessa mätfel främst av stora variationer i oljetrycket: detta visar att den plats där tryckvariationerna är minimala skulle optimera noggrannheten hos den förutsägelse som görs av varje virtuell sensor. Dessutom beror noggrannheten hos två av de virtuella sensorerna på det temperaturområde inom vilket sensorn mäter oljans egenskaper: den plats där oljetemperaturen är högsta under motorns gång skulle optimera noggrannheten hos dessa algoritmer

From citizen to "son of the City" : Essay on social history on the family imagination of Greek cities in the Hellenistic and Roman eras

En portant son attention sur l'attribution aux notables des cités grecques de titres honorifiques recourant au vocabulaire de la parenté aux époques hellénistique et impériale romaine, cette étude se propose d'éclairer, à partir d'un dépouillement de sources essentiellement épigraphique, plusieurs aspects de la vie institutionnelle, politique et sociale des communautés civiques, plus particulièrement par le prisme de la relation entre ces dernières et ses élites. L'imaginaire familial insufflé dans cette nouvelle rhétorique des honneurs est replacé plus largement dans les enjeux de la vie civique aux époques concernées, en dessinant dès lors les contours d'un portrait social des notables auxquels furent octroyés des titres honorifiques relevant d'une métaphore civique de la famille, pour ensuite analyser la portée symbolique du recours à un lexique familial pour décrire les rapports existants entre les notables et les communautés civiques. Selon une approche psycho-sociale et anthropologique, l'étude accorde enfin une place non négligeable aux mentalités et comportements collectifs, ainsi qu'à l'importance des rituels politiques à la base de l'identité de la communauté civique et des rapports de force internes à cette dernière.By focusing its attention on the attribution of specific honorary titles using the vocabulary of kinship to the notables of Greek cities in the Hellenistic and Roman imperial periods, this study tries to shed light on several aspects of the institutional, political and social life of those civic communities. More precisely, this approach is based on and explores significant aspects of the prismatic relationship between the cities and their elites, through an analysis of sources, mainly the epigraphic ones. The familial imagery infused into this new rhetoric of honours is integrated more extensively into the issues of civic life of the periods here examined. Thus the contours of a social portrait of the notables who were granted such honorary titles are drawn, and the use of a civic metaphor of the family is analyzed: a ‘family vocabulary’ is utilized to describe symbolically the relationship between notables and civic communities. Finally, using a psycho-social and anthropological approach, the study ascribes a significant place to mentalities and collective behaviours, as well as to the importance of political rituals, as the basis of the identity of the civic community and its internal power relations

Du citoyen au « fils de la Cité » : Essai d'histoire sociale sur l'imaginaire familial des cités grecques aux époques hellénistique et romaine

By focusing its attention on the attribution of specific honorary titles using the vocabulary of kinship to the notables of Greek cities in the Hellenistic and Roman imperial periods, this study tries to shed light on several aspects of the institutional, political and social life of those civic communities. More precisely, this approach is based on and explores significant aspects of the prismatic relationship between the cities and their elites, through an analysis of sources, mainly the epigraphic ones. The familial imagery infused into this new rhetoric of honours is integrated more extensively into the issues of civic life of the periods here examined. Thus the contours of a social portrait of the notables who were granted such honorary titles are drawn, and the use of a civic metaphor of the family is analyzed: a ‘family vocabulary’ is utilized to describe symbolically the relationship between notables and civic communities. Finally, using a psycho-social and anthropological approach, the study ascribes a significant place to mentalities and collective behaviours, as well as to the importance of political rituals, as the basis of the identity of the civic community and its internal power relations.En portant son attention sur l'attribution aux notables des cités grecques de titres honorifiques recourant au vocabulaire de la parenté aux époques hellénistique et impériale romaine, cette étude se propose d'éclairer, à partir d'un dépouillement de sources essentiellement épigraphique, plusieurs aspects de la vie institutionnelle, politique et sociale des communautés civiques, plus particulièrement par le prisme de la relation entre ces dernières et ses élites. L'imaginaire familial insufflé dans cette nouvelle rhétorique des honneurs est replacé plus largement dans les enjeux de la vie civique aux époques concernées, en dessinant dès lors les contours d'un portrait social des notables auxquels furent octroyés des titres honorifiques relevant d'une métaphore civique de la famille, pour ensuite analyser la portée symbolique du recours à un lexique familial pour décrire les rapports existants entre les notables et les communautés civiques. Selon une approche psycho-sociale et anthropologique, l'étude accorde enfin une place non négligeable aux mentalités et comportements collectifs, ainsi qu'à l'importance des rituels politiques à la base de l'identité de la communauté civique et des rapports de force internes à cette dernière

Exploitation de données multi-temporelles et multi-capteurs pour l’extraction de surfaces d'eau continentales dans le contexte de la mission SWOT

La télédétection spatiale fournit aux hydrologues et aux décideurs des données indispensables à la compréhension du cycle de l’eau et à la gestion des ressources et risques associés. Le satellite SWOT, qui est une collaboration entre les agences spatiales françaises (CNES) et américaine (NASA, JPL), et dont le lancement est prévu en 2022 vise à mesurer la hauteur des lacs, rivières et océans avec une grande résolution spatiale. Il complétera ainsi les capteurs existants, comme les constellations SAR et optique Sentinel-1 et 2 et les relevés in situ. SWOT représente une rupture technologique car il est le premier satellite qui embarque un altimètre de fauchée quasi-nadir. Le calcul des hauteurs d’eau est fait par interférométrie sur les images SAR acquises par SWOT. La détection d’eau dans ces images est donc une étape essentielle du traitement des données SWOT, mais qui peut être difficile, en particulier avec un faible rapport signal sur bruit ou en présence de radiométries inhabituelles. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à développer de nouvelles méthodes pour rendre la détection d’eau plus robustes. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons à l’utilisation de données exogènes pour guider la détection, à la combinaison de données multi-temporelles et multi-capteurs et à des approches de débruitage. La première méthode proposée exploite les informations de la base de donnée des rivières utilisée par SWOT pour détecter les rivières fines dans l’image de façon robuste à la fois aux bruit dans l’image, aux erreurs éventuelles de la base de données et aux changements survenus. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un nouveau détecteur de structures linéiques, un algorithme de chemin de moindre coût et une nouvelle méthode de segmentation par CRF qui combine des termes d’attache aux données et de régularisation adaptés au problème. Nous avons également proposé une méthode dérivée des GrabCut qui utilise un polygone a priori contenant un lac pour le détecter sur une image SAR ou une série temporelle. Dans ce cadre, nous avons également étudié le recours à une combinaison multi-temporelle et multi-capteurs (optique et SAR). Enfin, dans le cadre d’une étude préliminaire sur les méthodes de débruitage pour la détection d’eau nous avons étudié les propriétés statistiques de la moyenne géométrique temporelle et proposé une adaptation de la méthode variationnelle MuLoG pour la débruiter.Spaceborne remote sensing provides hydrologists and decision-makers with data that are essential for understanding the water cycle and managing the associated resources and risks. The SWOT satellite, which is a collaboration between the French (CNES) and American (NASA, JPL) space agencies, is scheduled for launch in 2022 and will measure the height of lakes, rivers, and oceans with high spatial resolution. It will complement existing sensors, such as the SAR and optical constellations Sentinel-1 and 2, and in situ measurements. SWOT represents a technological breakthrough as it is the first satellite to carry a near-nadir swath altimeter. The estimation of water levels is done by interferometry on the SAR images acquired by SWOT. Detecting water in these images is therefore an essential step in processing SWOT data, but it can be very difficult, especially with low signal-to-noise ratios, or in the presence of unusual radiometries. In this thesis, we seek to develop new methods to make water detection more robust. To this end, we focus on the use of exogenous data to guide detection, the combination of multi-temporal and multi-sensor data and denoising approaches. The first proposed method exploits information from the river database used by SWOT (derived from GRWL) to detect narrow rivers in the image in a way that is robust to both noise in the image, potential errors in the database, and temporal changes. This method relies on a new linear structure detector, a least-cost path algorithm, and a new Conditional Random Field segmentation method that combines data attachment and regularization terms adapted to the problem. We also proposed a method derived from GrabCut that uses an a priori polygon containing a lake to detect it on a SAR image or a time series of SAR images. Within this framework, we also studied the use of a multi-temporal and multi-sensor combination between Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical images. Finally, as part of a preliminary study on denoising methods applied to water detection, we studied the statistical properties of the geometric temporal mean and proposed an adaptation of the variational method MuLoG to denoise it

Exploitation de données multi-temporelles et multi-capteurs pour l’extraction de surfaces d'eau continentales dans le contexte de la mission SWOT

Spaceborne remote sensing provides hydrologists and decision-makers with data that are essential for understanding the water cycle and managing the associated resources and risks. The SWOT satellite, which is a collaboration between the French (CNES) and American (NASA, JPL) space agencies, is scheduled for launch in 2022 and will measure the height of lakes, rivers, and oceans with high spatial resolution. It will complement existing sensors, such as the SAR and optical constellations Sentinel-1 and 2, and in situ measurements. SWOT represents a technological breakthrough as it is the first satellite to carry a near-nadir swath altimeter. The estimation of water levels is done by interferometry on the SAR images acquired by SWOT. Detecting water in these images is therefore an essential step in processing SWOT data, but it can be very difficult, especially with low signal-to-noise ratios, or in the presence of unusual radiometries. In this thesis, we seek to develop new methods to make water detection more robust. To this end, we focus on the use of exogenous data to guide detection, the combination of multi-temporal and multi-sensor data and denoising approaches. The first proposed method exploits information from the river database used by SWOT (derived from GRWL) to detect narrow rivers in the image in a way that is robust to both noise in the image, potential errors in the database, and temporal changes. This method relies on a new linear structure detector, a least-cost path algorithm, and a new Conditional Random Field segmentation method that combines data attachment and regularization terms adapted to the problem. We also proposed a method derived from GrabCut that uses an a priori polygon containing a lake to detect it on a SAR image or a time series of SAR images. Within this framework, we also studied the use of a multi-temporal and multi-sensor combination between Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 optical images. Finally, as part of a preliminary study on denoising methods applied to water detection, we studied the statistical properties of the geometric temporal mean and proposed an adaptation of the variational method MuLoG to denoise it.La télédétection spatiale fournit aux hydrologues et aux décideurs des données indispensables à la compréhension du cycle de l’eau et à la gestion des ressources et risques associés. Le satellite SWOT, qui est une collaboration entre les agences spatiales françaises (CNES) et américaine (NASA, JPL), et dont le lancement est prévu en 2022 vise à mesurer la hauteur des lacs, rivières et océans avec une grande résolution spatiale. Il complétera ainsi les capteurs existants, comme les constellations SAR et optique Sentinel-1 et 2 et les relevés in situ. SWOT représente une rupture technologique car il est le premier satellite qui embarque un altimètre de fauchée quasi-nadir. Le calcul des hauteurs d’eau est fait par interférométrie sur les images SAR acquises par SWOT. La détection d’eau dans ces images est donc une étape essentielle du traitement des données SWOT, mais qui peut être difficile, en particulier avec un faible rapport signal sur bruit ou en présence de radiométries inhabituelles. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à développer de nouvelles méthodes pour rendre la détection d’eau plus robustes. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons à l’utilisation de données exogènes pour guider la détection, à la combinaison de données multi-temporelles et multi-capteurs et à des approches de débruitage. La première méthode proposée exploite les informations de la base de donnée des rivières utilisée par SWOT pour détecter les rivières fines dans l’image de façon robuste à la fois aux bruit dans l’image, aux erreurs éventuelles de la base de données et aux changements survenus. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un nouveau détecteur de structures linéiques, un algorithme de chemin de moindre coût et une nouvelle méthode de segmentation par CRF qui combine des termes d’attache aux données et de régularisation adaptés au problème. Nous avons également proposé une méthode dérivée des GrabCut qui utilise un polygone a priori contenant un lac pour le détecter sur une image SAR ou une série temporelle. Dans ce cadre, nous avons également étudié le recours à une combinaison multi-temporelle et multi-capteurs (optique et SAR). Enfin, dans le cadre d’une étude préliminaire sur les méthodes de débruitage pour la détection d’eau nous avons étudié les propriétés statistiques de la moyenne géométrique temporelle et proposé une adaptation de la méthode variationnelle MuLoG pour la débruiter

Användning av en sensor med flera parametrar för övervakning av oljenedbrytning

The continuous monitoring in real time of the degradation of lubricants is of great interest for many different industries to optimize the use of lubricating oil in combustion engines. Traditional oil quality diagnostic methods can measure accurately the different levels of oil degradation, but they cannot be implemented on engines to perform continuous oil quality diagnostics. On the other hand, the different mechanisms that affect the quality of engine oil – e.g. contamination and thermal degradation – affect simultaneously the physical and chemical properties of the oil: this makes it difficult to identify and quantify each degradation form separately. This thesis aims at designing and comparing four diagnostic algorithms to predict continuously and separately the different levels of oil degradation in an engine. These algorithms, called Virtual Sensors, predict simultaneously the different levels of oil degradation based on the measurement provided by a multi-sensor called a Tuning Fork Sensor. To design these Virtual Sensors, regression analyses are performed based on sensor data collected in a lab on oil samples with known levels of degradation. Then, the Tuning Fork sensor is implemented in two locations of the oil circuit of a test-engine to determine the influence of the engine operating conditions and of the engine oil properties on the accuracy of the degradation predicted by each Virtual Sensor. It has been observed that the four Virtual Sensors can predict simultaneously the different levels of oil degradation with a satisfying accuracy when the prediction is based on lab data, but the prediction of these algorithms is highly sensitive to measurement errors. During engine operations, these measurement errors are mostly caused by large variations in the oil pressure in the circuit: this shows that the location in which pressure variations are minimal would optimize the accuracy of the prediction made by each Virtual Sensor. Furthermore, the accuracy of two of the Virtual Sensors depends greatly on the temperature range over which the sensor measures the properties of the oil: the location in which the oil temperature reaches its highest value during engine operations may optimize the accuracy of these algorithms.Kontinuerlig övervakning av nedbrytningen av smörjmedel är viktig för många olika industrier för att optimera användningen av smörjolja i förbränningsmotorer. Traditionella metoder för diagnostik av oljekvalitet kan mäta olika nivåer av oljenedbrytning med precision, men de kan inte användas i motorer för att mäta kontinuerligt oljekvalitet. Å andra sidan påverkar oljenedbrytning – t.ex. oljeförorening eller oxidation – samtidigt alla oljans fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaper. Detta gör det svart att identifiera och kvantifiera varje nedbrytningsform separat. Målet med detta arbete är att utforma och jämföra fyra diagnostiska algoritmer som kontinuerligt förutsäga de olika nivåerna av oljenedbrytning i en motor. Dessa algoritmer, som kallas virtuella sensorer, förutsäger samtidigt de olika nivåerna av oljenedbrytning baserat på mätningar av en multisensor som kallas Tuning Fork Sensor. För att utforma dessa virtuella sensorer utförs regressionsanalyser med sensordata på oljeprover med kända nedbrytningsnivåer. Därefter installeras Tuning Fork Sensor på två ställen i oljekretsen i en testmotor för att fastställa hur driftförhållandena påverkar noggrannheten hos den nedbrytning som förutsägs av varje virtuell sensor. Dessutom används resultaten av förutsägelsen av nedbrytningen av motoroljan på varje plats för att bestämma den sensorposition som skulle maximera noggrannheten hos varje virtuell sensor. De fyra virtuella sensorerna samtidigt kan förutsäga de olika nivåerna av oljenedbrytning med tillfredsställande noggrannhet när förutsägelsen baseras på laboratoriedata, men förutsägelsen av dessa algoritmer är mycket känslig för mätfel. Under motordrift orsakas dessa mätfel främst av stora variationer i oljetrycket: detta visar att den plats där tryckvariationerna är minimala skulle optimera noggrannheten hos den förutsägelse som görs av varje virtuell sensor. Dessutom beror noggrannheten hos två av de virtuella sensorerna på det temperaturområde inom vilket sensorn mäter oljans egenskaper: den plats där oljetemperaturen är högsta under motorns gång skulle optimera noggrannheten hos dessa algoritmer

Définitions d'anomal/banal

International audienc