Generalidades sobre las autopsias

En la presente revisión repasamos los conceptos básicos relacionados sobre las autopsias: Definiciones, necropsia anatomoclínica, necropsia medicolegal, diferencias entre la autopsia anatomoclínica y medicolegal, autopsia psicológica, autopsias alternativas, área/unindad de las necropsias (equipamientos mínimos, instrumental, personal), fases de una necropsia, técnicas de apertura de los cadáveres y documentación relacionada con la autopsia

Generalidades sobre las autopsias

En la presente revisión repasamos los conceptos básicos relacionados sobre las autopsias: Definiciones, necropsia anatomoclínica, necropsia medicolegal, diferencias entre la autopsia anatomoclínica y medicolegal, autopsia psicológica, autopsias alternativas, área/unindad de las necropsias (equipamientos mínimos, instrumental, personal), fases de una necropsia, técnicas de apertura de los cadáveres y documentación relacionada con la autopsia

Legislación que rige las autopsias en España

En la presente revisión repasamos toda la legislación vigente que rige la práctica de las autopsias en España: Ley 29/1980 que regula las autopsias clínicas; Real Decreto 2230/82 que desarrolla la Ley 29/1980; Ley de enjuiciamiento criminal; Real Decreto 386/1996 por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de los Institutos de Medicina Legal; Orden de 8/11/1996 para la remisión de muestras al Instituto Nacional de Toxicología; Recomendación Nº (99)3 para la armonización metodológica de las autopsias medicolegales y tanto el Reglamento de Policía Sanitaria Mortuoria dictado en 1.974 por el antiguo Ministerio de la Gobernación como los distintos Reglamentos de Policía Sanitaria Mortuoria de las distintas Comunidades Autónomas

HPLC‐QTOF method for quantifying 11‐ketoetiocholanolone, a cortisol metabolite, in ruminants' feces: Optimization and validation

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd[EN]Studies of animal ecology can benefit from a quantified understanding of eco-physiological processes and, in particular, of the physiological responses in free-ranging animals to potential stressors. The determination of fecal cortisol metabolites as a noninvasive method for monitoring stress has proved to be a powerful tool. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ MS) has emerged as the most accurate method for avoiding problems related to the nonspecificity of immunoassays. In this study, we optimize and validate a reliable method using HPLC-MS/ MS for quantifying 11-ketoetiocholanolone (11-k), a representative fecal cortisol metabolite in ruminants. An appropriate extraction and purification procedure was developed taking into account the complex nature of feces. The final extract obtained was then analyzed with HPLC-MS/ MS using a quadrupole-time- of- fly (QTOF) tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization interface operating in positive mode, which allowed an unequivocal determination of the metabolite due to its accurate mass capabilities. After rigorous optimization of both sample extraction and the HPLC-QTOF parameters, making use of feces from free-ranging Iberian ibex, ideal conditions were established. Matrix-matched standards were used to calibrate the method. The limit of detection and quantification was 13-and 40-ng/ g, respectively. The validation of the method was performed with recoveries in the range of 85–110%, a figure much higher than the 60% obtained with the previous extraction methods used in our laboratory, and with relative standard deviations (RSDs) no higher than 15% for the complete analytical procedure, including extraction and analysis. The time required for the fecal 11-k analysis was greatly reduced in comparison with the previous work carried out in our laboratory. This is the first time that QTOF mass detection coupled with HPLC has been validated for 11-k quantification in feces from free-ranging ruminants such as Iberian ibex. Given the high selectivity and sensitivity attained, our method could become a useful tool for noninvasive stress quantification in ruminants.SIThis study was partly funded by the Fédération Nationale des Chasseurs (France), project FNC-PSN-PR4-2013. The technical and human support provided by the CICT of Jaén University (UJA, MINECO, Junta de Andalucía, FEDER) is gratefully acknowledged. The research activities of the authors were partially supported by the PAIDI, Junta de Andalucía (RNM-118 group and RNM-175 groups), as well as by the grant P07-RNM-03087 and the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER). This study complied with all Andalusian, Spanish and European legal requirements and guidelines regarding experimentation and animal welfare. It was approved by the Committee on Ethics of Animal Experimentation of the University of Jaén and authorized by the General Direction of Agriculture and Livestock of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment of the Junta de Andalucía

Participatory agroecological diagnosis in small and medium-sized producers in Michoacán and Morelos, Mexico

production units by identifying: (i) crop management practices, (ii) types of inputs and technologies used, and (iii) health status of soils and crops. Design/Methodology/Approach: This implemented research was of the type known as "In-depth case study", where the minimum sample size is 6 to 10 cases. Descriptive, correlational, and explanatory aspects corresponding to the selected production units were considered; based on qualitative and quantitative information. Results: For indicators of crop management and soil health, the predominant type of agriculture was transition to agroecology. Crop health indicators were the most agroecological. Study limitations/Implications: The results obtained allowed to establish the current state of the production units; with which further comparisons of the condition of those production units in the future can be made. Findings/Conclusions: The methodology used allowed to evaluate participatively, from an agroecological approach, the sustainability of soils and crops in production units of the municipalities Ario de Rosales, Michoacán and Tetela del Volcán, Morelos. Within the six productive units studied, it was found a productive unit with the appropriate characteristics to be considered as an "agroecological beacon"

Genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with cervical lesions in Bioko, Equatorial Guinea

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The HVP vaccine is a useful tool for preventing cervical cancer. The purpose of this study is to determine the most frequent HPV genotypes in Equatorial Guinea in order to develop future vaccination strategies to apply in this country.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A campaign against cervical cancer was carried out in the area on a total of 1,680 women. 26 of the women, following cytological screening, were treated surgically with a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). Cases were studied histologically and were genotyped from paraffin blocks by applying a commercial kit that recognized 35 HPV types.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cytological diagnoses included 17 HSIL, 1 LSIL, 5 ASC-H and 3 AGUS. Histological diagnosis resulted in 3 cases of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma stage IA of FIGO, 9 CIN-3, 8 CIN-2, 2 CIN-1, 3 flat condylomas and mild dysplasia of the endocervical epithelium. Fifteen of twenty-five cases genotyped were positive for HPV (60%). HPV 16 and 33 were identified in four cases each, HPV 58 in two other cases, and HPV 18, 31, 52, and 82 in one case, with one HPV 16 and 58 coinfection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The frequency of HPV types in the African area varies in comparison to other regions, particularly in Europe and USA. Vaccination against the five most common HPV types (16, 33, 58, 18, and 31) should be considered in the geographic region of West Africa and specifically in Equatorial Guinea.</p

Fórmulas à base de ervas na alimentação de cordeiros para melhorar o comportamento produtivo

El objetivo de esta revisión de publicaciones científicas es identificar los aditivos poliherbales comerciales disponibles para finalización de corderos y evaluar los cambios productivos al utilizarlos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada de artículos científicos en los buscadores PubMed, Web of Science y Science Direct utilizando las palabras clave lamb, growth performance, polyherbals y feed plant additives. Para incluir los artículos pasaron por un proceso de selección buscando que evaluaran corderos en finalización, incluyeran en las raciones formulas poliherbales comerciales, estuvieran publicados en revistas indizadas en JCR, Web of Science y Scimago Journal Rank y estuvieran escritas en idioma inglés. Se encontró reporte de 6 mezclas poliherbales con marca registrada las cuales, promediaron un incremento en la ganancia diaria de peso de 10.86 % cuando son incluidas en las raciones. &nbsp;The objective of this review of scientific publications is to identify the commercial polyherbal additives available for finishing lambs and to evaluate the productive changes when using them. A systematic search of scientific articles was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct search engines using the keywords lamb, growth performance, polyherbals and feed plant additives. To include the articles, they went through a selection process seeking to evaluate finishing lambs, include commercial polyherbal formulas in the rations, be published in journals indexed in JCR, Web of Science and Scimago Journal Rank and were written in English. A report of 6 trademarked polyherbal mixtures was found, which averaged an increase in daily weight gain of 10.86% when they are included in the rations.O objetivo desta revisão de publicações científicas é identificar os aditivos fitoterápicos comerciais disponíveis para terminação de cordeiros e avaliar as alterações produtivas ao utilizá-los. Uma busca sistemática de artigos científicos foi realizada nos motores de busca PubMed, Web of Science e Science Direct usando as palavras-chave cordeiro, desempenho de crescimento, poliervas e aditivos de plantas para ração. Para incluir os artigos, eles passaram por um processo de seleção buscando que eles avaliassem cordeiros em terminação, incluíssem fórmulas polierógenas comerciais nas rações, fossem publicados em periódicos indexados no JCR, Web of Science e Scimago Journal Rank e fossem escritos em inglês. Foi encontrado um relato de 6 misturas de poliervas de marca registrada, que tiveram um aumento médio no ganho de peso diário de 10,86% quando incluídas nas rações

Efecto de la densidad de población y la fertilización sobre la productividad del agua y rendimientos de híbridos de maíz en el Valle de México

La insuficiencia alimentaria en maíz, la crisis de agua y fertilizantes a nivel mundial, demandan incrementar la eficiencia en el uso de recursos incrementando o conservando la producción. El objetivo del trabajo fue definir la respuesta de cuatro híbridos de maíz blanco (Tlaoli Puma, Atziri Puma, H-49 AE y H-47 AE) en dos ambientes con dos densidades de población y dos dosis de fertilización y testigo sin fertilizar. Como arreglo factorial, en los ambientes Cuautitlán (FESC-UNAM) y Texcoco (CEVAMEX), Estado de México, se evaluaron los híbridos con dos densidades de siembra (D1=75 000; D2=90 000 plantas ha-1) y tres tratamientos de fertilización (F1=160-80-00, F2=120-40-00, F3=00-00-00). El experimento en bloques completos al azar se conformó con los tratamientos y la combinación de los factores 2×4×2×3 establecidos en tres repeticiones. Las medias se compararon con el método Tukey (P < 0.05). Para el rendimiento de grano y productividad del agua, en la FESC-UNAM con menor agua total, resultaron de 5.96 Mg ha-1 y 1.29 kg m-3 en CEVAMEX 4.76 Mg ha-1 y 0.5 kg m-3; el híbrido Atziri Puma sobresalió con 6.52 Mg ha-1 y 1.09 kg m-3. No se observó efecto significativo de la densidad de siembra y D1 resultó con 5.32 Mg ha-1 y 0.9 kg m-3 contra D2 con 5.4 Mg ha-1 y 0.9 kg m-3. En la fertilización, F1 fue superior estadísticamente con 5.64 Mg ha-1 y 0.94 kg m-3, pero no hubo diferencia entre F2 (5.24 Mg ha-1 y 0.88 kg m-3) y el control F3 (5.19 Mg ha-1 y 0.87 kg m-3). Se presentó interacción de los ambientes con los híbridos y destacó el híbrido Atziri Puma en la FESC-UNAM (7.3 Mg ha-1 y 1.58 kg m-3). El sitio FESC-UNAM tiene potencial productivo en condiciones de temporal con los híbridos Puma e INIFAP

A genome-wide association study follow-up suggests a possible role for PPARG in systemic sclerosis susceptibility

Introduction: A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising a French cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) reported several non-HLA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing a nominal association in the discovery phase. We aimed to identify previously overlooked susceptibility variants by using a follow-up strategy.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Methods: Sixty-six non-HLA SNPs showing a P value &#60;10-4 in the discovery phase of the French SSc GWAS were analyzed in the first step of this study, performing a meta-analysis that combined data from the two published SSc GWASs. A total of 2,921 SSc patients and 6,963 healthy controls were included in this first phase. Two SNPs, PPARG rs310746 and CHRNA9 rs6832151, were selected for genotyping in the replication cohort (1,068 SSc patients and 6,762 healthy controls) based on the results of the first step. Genotyping was performed by using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: We observed nominal associations for both PPARG rs310746 (PMH = 1.90 × 10-6, OR, 1.28) and CHRNA9 rs6832151 (PMH = 4.30 × 10-6, OR, 1.17) genetic variants with SSc in the first step of our study. In the replication phase, we observed a trend of association for PPARG rs310746 (P value = 0.066; OR, 1.17). The combined overall Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis of all the cohorts included in the present study revealed that PPARG rs310746 remained associated with SSc with a nominal non-genome-wide significant P value (PMH = 5.00 × 10-7; OR, 1.25). No evidence of association was observed for CHRNA9 rs6832151 either in the replication phase or in the overall pooled analysis.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Conclusion: Our results suggest a role of PPARG gene in the development of SSc

Cross-disease Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Systemic Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Reveals IRF4 as a New Common Susceptibility Locus

Objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are autoimmune diseases that share clinical and immunological characteristics. To date, several shared SSc- RA loci have been identified independently. In this study, we aimed to systematically search for new common SSc-RA loci through an inter-disease meta-GWAS strategy. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis combining GWAS datasets of SSc and RA using a strategy that allowed identification of loci with both same-direction and opposingdirection allelic effects. The top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were followed-up in independent SSc and RA case-control cohorts. This allowed us to increase the sample size to a total of 8,830 SSc patients, 16,870 RA patients and 43,393 controls. Results: The cross-disease meta-analysis of the GWAS datasets identified several loci with nominal association signals (P-value < 5 x 10-6), which also showed evidence of association in the disease-specific GWAS scan. These loci included several genomic regions not previously reported as shared loci, besides risk factors associated with both diseases in previous studies. The follow-up of the putatively new SSc-RA loci identified IRF4 as a shared risk factor for these two diseases (Pcombined = 3.29 x 10-12). In addition, the analysis of the biological relevance of the known SSc-RA shared loci pointed to the type I interferon and the interleukin 12 signaling pathways as the main common etiopathogenic factors. Conclusions: Our study has identified a novel shared locus, IRF4, for SSc and RA and highlighted the usefulness of cross-disease GWAS meta-analysis in the identification of common risk loci