Cuatro manos son treinta dedos. Posibilidades de la escritura cooperativa como herramienta política antagonista / Four hands are thirty fingers. Cooperative writing?s possibilities as antagonist political tool

It?s been already several years since collaborative writing have become a commonplace in academic and non-academic literature, mostly associated to IT development. However, these issues tread creative forms that go further than mere technical chances ?notwithstanding the practical support that these tools provide. This paper intends to build the theoretical underpinning for a literary creation proposal based on direct ?non-technologically mediated? cooperation and to analyse its political and social projection in an antagonistic perspectiveKeywords: Collaborative writing, cooperation, political literature, cultural practices, Capitalism, empowerment

On the topographic rectification of ocean fluctuations

7 pages, 3 figures.-- Book TOC available at Google Books: http://books.google.es/books?isbn=1402018258The contents of this book correspond to Sessions VII and VIII of the International Workshop on Instabilities and Nonequilibrium Structures which took place in Viña del Mar, Chile, in December 1997 and December 1999, respectively. Part I is devoted to self-contained courses. Three courses are related to new developments in Bose-Einstein condensation: the first one by Robert Graham studies the classical dynamics of excitations of Bose condensates in anisotropic traps, the second by Marc Etienne Brachet refers to the bifurcations arising in attractive Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluid helium and the third course by André Verbeure is a pedagogical introduction to the subject with special emphasis on first principles and rigorous results. Part I is completed by two courses given by Michel Moreau: the first one on diffusion limited reactions of particles with fluctuating activity and the second on the phase boundary dynamics in a one dimensional nonequilibrium lattice gas. Part II includes a selection of invited seminars at both Workshops.Stochastic fluctuations acting on a model of quasigeostrophic fluid motion on a rotating frame are shown to be rectified giving rise to large-scale noise-sustained average currents. As in other noise rectification phenomena, the effect requires nonlinearity and absence of detailed balance to occur. We apply an analytical coarse-graining procedure to obtain insight into the phenomenon. Relevance of the effect in the context of ocean modeling is briefly discussed.Financial support from FEDER and MCyT (Spain) (IMAGEN REN2001-0802-C02-01/MAR, CONOCE BFM2000-1108) is greatly acknowledged

La polinización en los sistemas de producción agrícola: revisión sistemática de la literatura

La polinización es un proceso esencial para el correcto funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y la producción de alimentos, que se ha visto enormemente afectado por diversas actividades antrópicas, siendo cada vez mayor el número de investigaciones encaminadas a entender cómo funciona este proceso. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las funciones clave que realizan los polinizadores y sus efectos, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada a lo largo de los últimos diez años. La metodología utilizada consistió en la búsqueda de publicaciones originales en cinco bases de datos, su filtrado por criterios de inclusión y exclusión, y la posterior añadidura de literatura gris. Los resultados muestran una tendencia al establecimiento de objetivos, metodologías de investigación y zonas de estudios similares, así como al estudio predominante de grupos de polinizadores de tipo abejas y abejorros, y al análisis de la polinización desde el punto de vista de la complementariedad de nicho, los patrones de actividad diaria y las asociaciones polinizador-planta, usando medidas como la abundancia de forrajeo, la influencia interespecífica, la deposición de polen o la producción final de frutos y semillas. También se observa una preocupación cada vez mayor por los efectos de las distintas técnicas de manejo agrícola sobre el proceso polinizador y por la necesidad de implementar medidas de conservación adecuadas, concluyéndose que, a pesar de todo ello, sigue siendo necesario continuar avanzando en la investigación dentro de este campo para lograr alcanzar un entendimiento más profundo de la situación.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Contribución al estudio del efecto de la alta velocidad en el consumo de energia y en los costes de explotación del ferrocarril

The thesis analyses the effect of an increase in speed on energy consumption, pollutant emissions and railway operating costs. Besides focusing on the direct consequences of speed variation, the analysis also considers the effects of the shift from the conventional railway system to the high-speed system. This change from one system to another is a far-reaching one, as speed is just one of many highly influential parameters that undergo substantial alterations (characteristics of the trains, curve radii, gradients, speed profile, signalling, etc.). Each of the two focal points of the study is given a certain methodological autonomy through the inclusion of its own state of the art (which is presented as the problem is discussed and analysed) and its specific development and modelling. The common aspects are tackled in a preliminary conceptual chapter on high speed and its economic and social effects, and are simultaneously illustrated with reference to example cases. The final sections are devoted to conclusions, future lines of research, and the bibliography. A down-top methodology is used for the analysis in question, based on the events or physical inducers that produce the consumptions and costs. The most suitable indicators for measuring and comparing are determined and analysed in detail, the expounded methodology allowing the indicators to be extracted ¿one by one¿, which not only facilitates selection of the most appropriate indicator in each case, but also makes it possible to analyse in greater detail the reasons for the differences. Among the conclusions, perhaps the most important concerns the enormous variability of the railway¿s energy consumption results, even within each system, due to the differences in train sizes and architectures, propulsion systems, path and utilization coefficients, emission factors, etc. As regards operating costs, the variability of the results is lower, although it is still considerable and also greater than in other modes of transport. On changing from the conventional system to the high-speed system, the consumption and emission differences between electric traction trains are not great. This study shows that, on average, consumptions and emissions are slightly lower in the high-speed system, although the extremely wide range of values means that all kinds of results can be found. In the case of diesel traction, consumptions, and especially emissions, are much higher than those of electric traction at any speed. Emissions in the improved conventional system (using representative values in the calculation) are 11.5% higher than those of the high-speed system, while those of the conventional system with electric traction and diesel traction are 53.3% and 4.2 times higher, respectively. An increase in rail speed has a very significant effect on the whole corridor (taking all modes of transport into consideration).La tesis pretende analizar el efecto del incremento de la velocidad en el consumo de la energía y en las emisiones de productos contaminantes, así como en los costes de explotación del ferrocarril. No se trata de analizar únicamente el efecto directo de la variación de la velocidad sobre los consumos y sobre los costes, sino también (en ambos campos) el efecto derivado de pasar del sistema ferroviario convencional al sistema de alta velocidad (en las dos versiones de éste que se definirán posteriormente). Ello es relevante por cuanto al pasar de uno a otro sistema, además de un salto importante en la velocidad, cambian muchos otros parámetros muy influyentes (características de los trenes, radios de curva, pendientes, perfil de velocidades, señalización, etc.) El análisis se realizará, por lo tanto, considerando el efecto conjunto de todos los elementos que componen el sistema de alta velocidad (en cada una de sus dos versiones) pero también se aislará el efecto del incremento de la velocidad (manteniendo todos los demás factores constantes). Para ello es necesario realizar unas reflexiones generales sobre la alta velocidad en el ferrocarril y sus aportaciones de valor. Son múltiples los efectos técnicos y económicos que conlleva la variación de la velocidad y la transición del sistema ferroviario convencional al de alta velocidad. De todos ellos, aquí solo se abordarán dos efectos relacionados entre si y que tienen en común que han sido poco estudiados de forma sistemática: 1) el consumo de energía y las emisiones asociadas a la circulación de los trenes; y 2) los costes de explotación. Dadas las características peculiares de cada uno de los dos estudios se les dota de una cierta autonomía metodológica, al incluir su propio estado del arte (que se presenta al ir razonando sobre el análisis del problema y desarrollo del modelo), su desarrollo y modelado específico. Las partes comunes a los dos problemas se abordan en el capítulo conceptual sobre la alta velocidad y sus efectos económicos y sociales; y en el capítulo de aplicación a los casos-ejemplo, que se hace de forma conjunta. Se concluye con sendos capítulos de conclusiones e identificación de futuras líneas de investigación, y con la bibliografía. En un anejo se incluye una terminología específica que ayudará al lector a familiarizarse con ciertas palabras o acrónimos que son empleados en el ambiente ferroviario en el que tienen un significado diferente del que reciben en otros. Es conveniente mencionar que el autor ha dedicado buena parte de su labor investigadora en los últimos años a estos dos temas (consumo de energía y emisiones; y costes de explotación del ferrocarril en general y de alta velocidad en particular). Ello le ha permitido producir una abundante documentación en forma de artículos, libros, capítulos de libros, ponencias en congresos, etc. En la presente tesis se utilizan estos materiales, pero se añaden dos valores fundamentales: la puesta al día de los datos y de las ideas, y (sobre todo) la sistematización y ordenación de las reflexiones contenidas en todos aquellos trabajos. Además se analizan comparativamente –como novedad- los dos sistemas de alta velocidad: el que emplea líneas nuevas con velocidades máximas por encima de los 250 kilómetros por hora, y el que utiliza líneas mejoradas con velocidades del orden de 200 a 220 kilómetros por hora. En cada uno de los dos campos fundamentales de estudio (energía y emisiones, y costes de explotación) se incluye –como se ha indicado- el análisis específico del estado del arte, con especial referencia a otros trabajos previos del autor en los que pueden encontrarse los temas explicados con mayor extensión y detalle. El estado del arte se irá presentando, para mayor simplicidad expositiva, a medida que en cada caso se vaya avanzando en el análisis del problema o en el planteamiento del modelo.Postprint (published version

El territorio como factor del desarrollo

El propósito de este trabajo es identificar y resaltar la importancia de las regiones y localidades en el desarrollo y en la búsqueda de la competitividad territorial. Para lograr este objetivo se revisan los conceptos de región, localidad, aglomeración y competitividad territorial. Lo anterior permite plantear que los territorios no son un factor de competitividad en sí mismos, más bien, cuentan con potencialidades que pueden o no ser aprovechadas, según las decisiones políticas que se adopten. Para que dichas decisiones sean eficaces como factor del desarrollo, debe existir una visión común del territorio. En tal sentido, la competitividad del territorio debe basarse en aprovechar el capital acumulado dentro del territorio: físico, humano, tecnológico, institucional, social, cultural, ambiental y natural, y potenciarlo de acuerdo con las propias sinergias que territorio-sociedad-instituciones sean capaces de dinamizar, tanto en su propio contexto como en su relación global

Pilot decontamination processing in cell-free massive MIMO

This letter focuses on the pilot contamination problem in the uplink and downlink of cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output networks with different degrees of cooperation between access points. The optimum minimum mean square error processing can take advantage of large-scale fading coefficients for canceling the interference of pilot-sharing user-equipments and thus achieves asymptotically unbounded capacity. However, it is computationally demanding and can only be implemented in a fully centralized network. Here, sub-optimal schemes are derived that provide unbounded capacity with linear-growing complexity and using only local channel estimates but global channel statistics. This makes them suited for both centralized and distributed networks. In this latter case, the best performance is achieved with a generalized maximum ratio combiner that maximizes a capacity bound based on channel statistics only.This work has been supported by project IRENE-EARTH (PID2020-115323RB-C33 / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033). Luca Sanguinetti was in part supported by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research in the framework of the CrossLab project. The associate editor coordinating the review of this letter and approving it for publication was C. Kundu

Long-term evolution of cold air pools over the Madrid basin

Cold air pools (CAPs) are one of the most severe weather conditions experienced across many basins worldwide, related to episodes of extreme cold temperatures, poor air quality, and disruption of transportation networks. This study offers a basic climatology of CAPs in the southern Spanish Plateau and investigates its evolution since 1961 and their links with local, synoptic, and large-scale climate variability. It is based on the comparison of meteorological records from two stations, one in the Sistema Central Range (Navacerrada, 1,894 m asl) and another at the plain (Madrid-Barajas, 609 m asl). Accuracy and representativeness of both locations to depict the spatial and temporal variability of CAPs was also tested. CAPs days (defined as the simultaneous occurrence of a daily minimum temperature difference above 0.1 C between both stations) were found to occur year-round, but the most frequent and intense occur in winter (NDJ). Some typical features of CAPs, such as local mesoscale processes (katabatic and anabatic flows) in connection with synoptic (advection of mid-troposphere warm air masses during high-pressure regimes) and hemispheric (a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation) variability were also observed, leading to a sheltered boundary layer at the bottom of southern Spanish Plateau, decoupled from the free troposphere. By night, CAPs have maintained both their frequency and intensity, which means that the frequency of extremely cold nights on the plain has remained relatively stable (despite global warming). By day, an enhanced warming of the highelevation site has increased the temperature difference between the mountains and the plain during CAP daysSecretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Grant/Award Number: CGL2016-80154-

Estimating radial railway network improvement with a CAS

The Spanish railway network is very complex, with two different track gauges: the broad classic Iberian track gauge and the so called international gauge, the latter used in the extensive high speed network. All new lines have been built with double track and top technologies. But there are controversial opinions among experts regarding how the network should grow. We had developed what we called isochrone circle graphs and a geometric index for radial railway networks improvement estimation, that can be very useful for decision taking regarding the improvement of railway lines. The corresponding paper was illustrated with a sketch constructed with a Dynamic Geometry System that used sliders to change the input parameters (timing to each peripheral destination and population of these destinations). Although very comfortable to use, altering the number of peripheral destinations considered required to construct a complete new sketch. To avoid this problem and in order to be able to perform symbolic computations and solve equations with the data obtained, we have begun from scratch and have designed and implemented a complete new package in the computer algebra system CAS Maple that takes as input the lists of destinations, timings and populations and builds the corresponding isochrone circle graphs and performs all the corresponding calculations. An important advantage of working in symbolic mode (i.e., of introducing parameters in the computations) is the possibility to work with unknowns (that represent network improvement goals) and consequently obtain the time improvement required in a line in order to ful ll a network speci c improvement goal

Shedding light on the motivations and performance of the eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)

This work aims to shed light on the motivations and environmental performance of Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) registration, the more demanding voluntary certifiable international standard to adopt environmental management systems in organizations. Based on a systematic review and analysis of the outcomes of 73 scholarly empirical works published in the period from 1998 to 2021 the work makes an original contribution to the scholarly literature with the definition of a research agenda with avenues for further research. The sources of motivations related to EMAS are found to be diverse and contingent to a set of factors. Regarding performance, the results showed a mixed picture with a greater prevalence of studies underlining a positive impact of EMAS adoption. Deep implications for managers, policy makers and other stakeholders are discussed.This article is a result of a Research Group funded by the Basque Autonomous Government (Grupos de investigación del sistema universitario vasco IT763-13/GIC12- 158 and IT1073-16/GIC 15-176) and the project METASTANDARDS, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and co-financed with the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union (project reference PGC2018-098723-B-I00). Authors would like to thank to Professor Heras-Saizarbitoria for his contributions and for the initial draft of this work (Heras-Saizarbitoria et al., 2014), a result of the mentioned Research Group