Elaboración de un estándar de aplicación para los procesos de análisis y diseño de software de la empresa TRESMARHG S.A.S basado en la norma ISO/IEC 12207: 2008

Uno de los puntos críticos y complejos en la Ingeniería del Software es el proceso de desarrollo de software, que requiere un marco de trabajo o metodología eficiente, sistémica y en muchos casos iterativa; el presente proyecto de aplicación tiene como objetivo principal contrarrestar en su ejecución los diversos tipos de inconvenientes que se presentan en este proceso como son: el inadecuado manejo de tiempos, lenguaje de desarrollo no acordes a la solución, incumplimiento de requisitos del cliente, entre otros; con base en esto y en otra serie de situaciones se han creado e implementado normas y estándares en el ámbito de software, con el fin de establecer dentro dela empresa el mejoramiento continuo en el control y la calidad de softwar

Portable light transmission measuring system for preserved corneas

BACKGROUND: The authors have developed a small portable device for the objective measurement of the transparency of corneas stored in preservative medium, for use by eye banks in evaluation prior to transplantation. METHODS: The optical system consists of a white light, lenses, and pinholes that collimate the white light beams and illuminate the cornea in its preservative medium, and an optical filter (400–700 nm) that selects the range of the wavelength of interest. A sensor detects the light that passes through the cornea, and the average corneal transparency is displayed. In order to obtain only the tissue transparency, an electronic circuit was built to detect a baseline input of the preservative medium prior to the measurement of corneal transparency. The operation of the system involves three steps: adjusting the "0 %" transmittance of the instrument, determining the "100 %" transmittance of the system, and finally measuring the transparency of the preserved cornea inside the storage medium. RESULTS: Fifty selected corneas were evaluated. Each cornea was submitted to three evaluation methods: subjective classification of transparency through a slit lamp, quantification of the transmittance of light using a corneal spectrophotometer previously developed, and measurement of transparency with the portable device. CONCLUSION: By comparing the three methods and using the expertise of eye bank trained personnel, a table for quantifying corneal transparency with the new device has been developed. The correlation factor between the corneal spectrophotometer and the new device is 0,99813, leading to a system that is able to standardize transparency measurements of preserved corneas, which is currently done subjectively

Ponte miocárdica: revisão de literatura

A ponte miocárdica é uma anomalia congênita das artérias coronárias em que feixes de miocárdio envolvem um segmento de artéria coronária epicárdica, levando a compressão de um segmento na sístole ventricular, se revertendo na diástole. Ela constitui um dos principais diagnósticos diferenciais de doença arterial coronariana, podendo se manifestar como dor torácica, infarto agudo do miocárdio ou morte súbita, mas na maioria das vezes é assintomática. Sua fisiopatologia ainda é controversa. Seu diagnóstico clínico deve ser considerado em pacientes com dor no peito e sem fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Nos exames complementares, o achado mais comum na cineangiocoronariografia é a compressão de um segmento coronário durante a sístole, revertido na diástole. A conduta de primeira linha no tratamento da ponte miocárdica sintomática é o uso de medicamentos para reduzir sintomas de isquemia e minimizar o risco de futuros eventos cardíacos. Na persistência da sintomatologia ao tratamento clínico, a intervenção percutânea com o uso de stents ou o tratamento cirúrgico estão indicados. O prognóstico a longo prazo em geral é bom. Embora seja um achado anatômico geralmente assintomático, em raros casos pode causar complicações importantes, inclusive morte súbita. Portanto, a ponte miocárdia deve ser considerada em pacientes jovens, com baixo risco para doenças cardiovasculares e sem evidências de isquemia miocárdica, porém com dor torácica ou sintomas não condizentes com a severidade da doença arterial coronariana.The myocardial bridging is a congenital anomaly of the coronary arteries in which bundles of myocardial involve a segment of the epicardial coronary artery, leading to compression of a segment in the ventricular systole, reversing itself during diastole. It’s one of the main differential diagnosis of coronary artery disease and may manifest as chest pain, myocardial infarction or sudden death, but in most cases are asymptomatic. Its pathophysiology is still controversial. His clinical diagnosis should be considered in patients with chest pain and no risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In laboratory exams, the most common finding in coronary angiography is the compression of a coronary segment during systole, reversed during diastole. The first treatment of symptomatic myocardial bridging is medications to reduce symptoms of ischemia and minimize the risk of future cardiac events. In the persistence of clinical symptomatology, percutaneous intervention using stents or surgical treatment are types of threatment. The long-term prognosis is usually good. Although an anatomical finding is usually asymptomatic, in rare cases can cause major complications, including sudden death. Therefore, the myocardial bridge should be considered in young patients at low risk for cardiovascular disease and no evidence of myocardial ischemia, but with no chest pain or symptoms consistent with the severity of coronary artery disease

Thyroid function is associated with insulin resistance markers in healthy adolescents with risk factors to develop diabetes

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among children and adolescents is rising. Thyroid function has been associated with insulin resistance. There is scarce information about how thyroid function could be related with cardiovascular risk or glucose homeostasis in adolescent. Aim: To analyze how thyroid function is associated with insulin resistance and another cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents with risk factors to develop diabetes. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional analysis was carried out on euthyroid, adolescents. considered at high risk to develop Type 2 diabetes. Fasting blood samples were obtained. Thyroid function test and another cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. A 75 grams oral glucose tolerance test was performed to calculate insulin resistance. Results: One hundred adolescents were evaluated. The mean age was 15.9 ± 0.8 years, There is a negative correlation between Fasting insulin, post glucose load insulin and HOMA IR. There were no correlation with Matsuda index. We could not found any correlation with TSH values. Conclusions: We found a correlation between fasting insulin, HOMA IR and serum thyroid hormones, we did not find any relation with serum TSH. In euthyroid adolescents with risk factors to develop diabetes

Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo: Relato de Caso

Introdução: A cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo é uma doença cardiovascular com quadro clínico semelhante ao infarto agudo do miocárdio, porém com coronárias normais na cineangiocoronariografia.Caso Clínico: Mulher de 73 anos de idade, com manifestações clínicas de infarto agudo do miocárdio e alterações compatíveis com esta doença em exames complementares, porém sem obstrução na cineangiocoronariografia e com balonamento apical do ventrículo esquerdo na ventriculografia esquerda, corroborando com o diagnóstico de Cardiomiopatia de Takostubo. Neste caso, a paciente foi tratada com beta bloqueador, nitrato e antiagregante plaquetário. Sua evolução foi satisfatória, com o desaparecimento da dor torácica, sem sinais de insuficiência cardíaca e com restauração da função ventricular.Conclusão: O tratamento de suporte hemodinâmico instituído foi eficaz neste caso. Ressalta-se, com este trabalho e com a revisão de literatura, a importância desta doença, tanto no diagnóstico quanto no tratamento dessa enfermidade

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures