Physical education as a field of knowledge at the University of Sao Paulo Physical Education School: a study of its trajectory and constitution based on the scientific journal of the institution

The objective of this study was to investigate the trajectory of physical education as a field of knowledge in the School of Physical Education of University of São Paulo. It was considered for analysis the editorials from 1986 to 2004 and the speech of the director of the School when he took charge in 1988, published in the Brazilian Journal of Physical Education and Sport - a scientific journal published by that college. The content analysis proposed by Bourdieu (1983) was used as a methodological approach. It was observed that there was a strong institutional investment in that period to produce, organize and publish knowledge, enhancing its visibility and presence in the academic scenario. However the definition of a clear academic identity, that is, a structure capable of orienting the production, organization, dissemination and application of knowledge still constitutes an imperative necessity for Physical Education to consolidate itself as a field of knowledge.O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a trajetória da Educação Física como uma área de conhecimento na Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da USP. Considerou-se como fonte para análise da pesquisa os editoriais publicados entre 1986 a 2004 na Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte e o discurso de posse do diretor da Escola publicado em 1988 - posto que a Revista representa um periódico científico da própria instituição. Utilizou-se como tratamento metodológico a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bourdieu (1983). Observou-se que houve, nesse período, um forte investimento institucional em produzir, organizar e sistematizar conhecimentos, aumentando a sua visibilidade e presença no cenário universitário. No entanto, a definição de uma clara identidade acadêmica, ou seja, uma estrutura que oriente a produção, a organização, a disseminação e a aplicação do conhecimento, ainda se constitui uma necessidade imperativa para a sua consolidação como uma área de conhecimento

O ensino de habilidades motoras esportivas na escola e o esporte de alto rendimento: discurso, realidade e possibilidades

The amplification of mass sport practice starting from school physical education has been suggested as an effective way to transform Brazil in a powerful high performance sport country. The objective of this essay is to analyze and reflect on discourse, reality and possibilities of teaching sport in the schools having as a background the relationship between school physical education and high performance sport. In other words, to carry out a critical analysis to qualify the link school-high performance sport in order to make clear the social role of the school and its eventual contribution to the formation of athletes, and to discuss the real possibilities to teach sport in the schools, particularly motor skills, considering the conditions in which they now are.A massificação da prática esportiva começando pela escola tem sido sugerida como uma forma eficaz para transformar o Brasil numa potência no esporte de alto rendimento. O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar e refletir sobre o discurso, a realidade e as possiblidades de ensino do esporte na escola, tendo como pano de fundo a relação entre a Educação Física Escolar e o esporte de alto rendimento. Em outras palavras, fazer uma análise crítica para qualificar a vinculação escola-esporte de alto rendimento com o intuito de deixar claro o papel social da escola e a sua eventual contribuição para a formação de atletas, e para discutir as possibilidades reais de se ensinar o esporte na escola, particularmente as habilidades motoras, consideradas as condições em que ela se encontra

Aquisição da habilidade motora rebater na educação física escolar: um estudo das dicas de aprendizagem como conteúdo de ensino

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of verbal cues on the acquisition of a striking skill, focusing on their perceptual and motor aspects. The sample of this study was made of 84 public school students aged between six to eight years old from three classrooms of the same school. Each classroom constituted a group: no cue, perceptual cue and motor cue group. The experiment was carried out in three phases: pre-test, classes with specific cue and post-test. The group which received perceptual cue showed better results. Thus, it was verified that the effects of cues depend on the specificity of the task concerning its information processing demands. It was concluded that task´s specificity related cue demonstrated its potential as knowledge for the students to guide them towards improvement of the quality of movement and confirms the possibility of its inclusion as a content to be taught in the school physical education.O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito das dicas verbais na aquisição da habilidade rebater na Educação Física Escolar (EFE), com foco de atenção no seu aspecto perceptivo e motor. Participaram do estudo 84 alunos de três turmas de uma escola (faixa etária entre seis a oito anos). Cada turma correspondeu a um grupo: sem dicas, com dica perceptiva e com dica motora. O experimento teve três fases: pré-teste, aulas de EFE e pós-teste. O grupo com dica perceptiva apresentou melhores resultados. Portanto, verificou-se o efeito das dicas relacionado com a especificidade da tarefa no que se refere às suas demandas de processamento. Assim concluiu-se que a dica de aprendizagem relacionada à especificidade da tarefa mostrou o seu potencial como um conhecimento que orienta os alunos em direção à melhoria da qualidade do movimento, confirmando a possibilidade de sua inclusão como conteúdo de ensino da EFE

Insights from Coarse-Grained Gō Models for Protein Folding and Dynamics

Exploring the landscape of large scale conformational changes such as protein folding at atomistic detail poses a considerable computational challenge. Coarse-grained representations of the peptide chain have therefore been developed and over the last decade have proved extremely valuable. These include topology-based Gō models, which constitute a smooth and funnel-like approximation to the folding landscape. We review the many variations of the Gō model that have been employed to yield insight into folding mechanisms. Their success has been interpreted as a consequence of the dominant role of the native topology in folding. The role of local contact density in determining protein dynamics is also discussed and is used to explain the ability of Gō-like models to capture sequence effects in folding and elucidate conformational transitions

Determinants of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour of life in a Brazilian population: cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Breastfeeding within the first hour of life is a potential mechanism for health promotion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour of life in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, between 2004 and 2005, and investigate the influence of maternal, child and prenatal factors on this practice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a cross-sectional study extracted from the results of a contemporary cohort conducted in 10 maternity hospitals in the city of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. A group of 1,309 mother-child pairs was included in the study. Information about mother's and baby's characteristics, pregnancy, birth, and time of breastfeeding initiation was collected in the first 72 hours after delivery, through interview with mothers and hospital records. The data gathered were stored and analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 and R 8.0. The chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between breastfeeding within the first hour and different variables.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>47.1% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. Early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with birth at full term pregnancy (adjusted Prevalence Ratio 1.43; 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 2.00), mothers who received prenatal guidance regarding the advantages of breastfeeding (aPR1.23; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.41) and vaginal delivery (aPR 2.78; 95% CI 2.38 to 3.23).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In order to improve the rates of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, health care professionals must promote the factors favoring this practice such as prenatal guidance regarding the advantages of breastfeeding, vaginal delivery and full term birth, and stimulate this practice in vulnerable situations such as mothers with cesarean section and preterm birth.</p

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum