Can atmospheric pollutants influence menstrual cycle function? Supplementary material

A few experimental studies suggest that atmospheric pollutants could affect the endocrine system, and in particular stress hormones and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis, which could in turn influence menstrual cycle function. We aimed to study the possible short-term effects of atmospheric pollutants on the length of the follicular and luteal phases and on the duration of the menstrual cycle in humans. To do so, from a nation-wide study on couples' fecundity, we recruited 184 women not using contraception who collected urine samples at least every other day during one menstrual cycle, from which a progesterone metabolite was assayed, allowing estimation of the duration of the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Atmospheric pollution (nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with an aerodynamical diameter below 10?m, PM10) levels were estimated from a dispersion model with a 1-km resolution combined with permanent monitoring stations measurements, allowing to estimate exposures in the 30-day, 1-10 and 11-30-day periods before the start of the menstrual cycle. Regression models allowed to quantify the change in cycle duration associated with atmospheric pollutants and adjusted for potential confounders. Follicular phase duration increased on average by 0.7 day (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.2; 1.3) for each increase by 10?g/m3 in NO2 concentration averaged over the 30 days before the cycle and by 1.6 day (95% CI, 0.3; 2.9) for each increase by 10?g/m3 in PM10. There was no strong evidence of associations of exposures in this time window with luteal phase or with total menstrual cycle durations (p>0.2). Exposures in the 1-10 day period before the cycle start were also associated with increased follicular phase duration. This study is one of the first prospective studies to suggest short-term alterations in follicular phase duration following atmospheric pollutants exposure

Influence of pressing temperature on dynamics of strength of adhesive bond

Proučevali smo vpliv temperature stiskanja na utrjevanje urea-formaldehidnih (UF) lepil. Uporabili smo dve vrsti UF lepil proizvajalca Basf: Kaurit 345 z nižjo vsebnostjo prostega formaldehida in Kaurit 350 z višjo vsebnostjo. Preizkušanci so bili standardni in sicer iz javorjevega furnirja, debeline 0,6 mm. Preizkušanci so se po razrezu klimatizirali pri sobnih pogojih: 23 °C in 55 % vlažnostjo. Kinetiko utrjevanja UF lepil smo izvedli z ABES (Automated Bonding Evaluation System) instrumentom. Lepilna mešanica je bila skozi vse poizkuse konstantna, sestavljena iz 100 utežnih deležev vodne raztopine lepila in 1,5 % katalizatorja - amonijevega sulfata (glede na suho snov lepila). Testiranje je potekalo pri različnih temperaturah stiskanja: 80, 100, 120, 150, 170 °C. Trajanje stiskanja smo prilagajali glede na razvoj strižne trdnosti. Ko je ABES izmeril strižno trdnost večjo od 0, smo meritev pri enakem času stiskanja ponovili vsaj trikrat. Testirali smo tudi vpliv pH vrednosti različnih furnirjev na utrjevanje UF lepil. Ker katalizator zniža pH vrednost mešanice ter pospeši utrjevanje UF lepil, smo enak princip znižanja pH vrednosti ugotavljali s pomočjo različnih lesnih vrst. Vsaka lesna vrsta ima različno pH vrednost, ki tako dodatno pripomore k spremembi kislosti oz. bazičnosti lepilne mešanice med stiskanjem. Testirali smo preizkušance šestih različnih drevesnih vrst (javor, bukev, hrast, oreh, smreka, brest). S pomočjo termočlena smo raziskali spreminjanje temperature v lepilnem spoju med vročim lepljenjem. Ugotovili smo, da je imela temperatura stiskanja bistveni vpliv na hitrost utrjevanja lepila in da hlajenje preizkušanca po stiskanju ni vplivalo na trdnost spoja. Lepilo z višjim deležem formaldehida je utrjevalo hitreje.We studied the effect of pressing temperature on hardening of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives. We used two types of UF adhesives pre-prepared by manufacturer Basf: Kaurit 345 with a lower content of free formaldehyde and Kaurit 350 with a higher content. For testing of kinetics, we used ABES (Automated Bonding Evaluation System) instrument. To preform standard tests, we used maple veneers, with thickness of 0,6 mm. All veneer was prepared and then left for two day at room conditions of 23 °C and 55 % air humidity, to acclimate. Every test has constant adhesive mixture, consisted of 100 weight units of aqueous adhesive solution and 1,5 % catalyst (ammonium sulphate) (according to dry quantity of glue). Bonding strength was investigated at different pressing temperatures: 80, 100, 120, 150 and 170 °C. Times of gluing were adjusted according to feedback of shear strength. If ABES measured sear strength higher than 0 N/mm2, we carried out at least two more tests of strength. pH value of wood was measured. With usage of different veneers, we tested its influence on bond development. For this test, we used six different species (maple, beech, oak, walnut, spruce, elm). With use of thermocouple we investigated temperature changes in bond during gluing process. We found out that the pressing temperature had a significant influence on hardening time. Cooling specimens after gluing process did not have big effect on joint strength. Adhesive with more formaldehyde was curing faster

A systematic comparison of linear regression-based statistical methods to assess exposome-health associations

BACKGROUND: The exposome constitutes a promising framework to better understand the effect of environmental exposures on health by explicitly considering multiple testing and avoiding selective reporting. However, exposome studies are challenged by the simultaneous consideration of many correlated exposures. OBJECTIVES: We compared the performances of linear regression-based statistical methods in assessing exposome-health associations. METHODS: In a simulation study, we generated 237 exposure covariates with a realistic correlation structure, and a health outcome linearly related to 0 to 25 of these covariates. Statistical methods were compared primarily in terms of false discovery proportion (FDP) and sensitivity. RESULTS: On average over all simulation settings, the elastic net and sparse partial least-squares regression showed a sensitivity of 76% and a FDP of 44%; Graphical Unit Evolutionary Stochastic Search (GUESS) and the deletion/substitution/addition (DSA) algorithm a sensitivity of 80% and a FDP of 33%. The environment-wide association study (EWAS) underperformed these methods in terms of FDP (average FDP, 86%), despite a higher sensitivity. Performances decreased considerably when assuming an exposome exposure matrix with high levels of correlation between covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Correlation between exposures is a challenge for exposome research, and the statistical methods investigated in this study are limited in their ability to efficiently differentiate true predictors from correlated covariates in a realistic exposome context. While GUESS and DSA provided a marginally better balance between sensitivity and FDP, they did not outperform the other multivariate methods across all scenarios and properties examined, and computational complexity and flexibility should also be considered when choosing between these methods

Air Pollution Exposure during Pregnancy and Childhood Autistic Traits in Four European Population-Based Cohort Studies: The ESCAPE Project

Background: Prenatal exposure to air pollutants has been suggested as a possible etiologic factor for the occurrence of autism spectrum disorder. Objectives: We aimed to assess whether prenatal air pollution exposure is associated with childhood autistic traits in the general population. Methods: Ours was a collaborative study of four European population-based birth/child cohorts—CATSS (Sweden), Generation R (the Netherlands), GASPII (Italy), and INMA (Spain). Nitrogen oxides (NO2, NOx) and particulate matter (PM) with diameters of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤ 10 μm (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 μm (PMcoarse), and PM2.5 absorbance were estimated for birth addresses by land-use regression models based on monitoring campaigns performed between 2008 and 2011. Levels were extrapolated back in time to exact pregnancy periods. We quantitatively assessed autistic traits when the child was between 4 and 10 years of age. Children were classified with autistic traits within the borderline/clinical range and within the clinical range using validated cut-offs. Adjusted cohort-specific effect estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 8,079 children were included. Prenatal air pollution exposure was not associated with autistic traits within the borderline/clinical range (odds ratio = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.10 per each 10-μg/m3 increase in NO2 pregnancy levels). Similar results were observed in the different cohorts, for the other pollutants, and in assessments of children with autistic traits within the clinical range or children with autistic traits as a quantitative score. Conclusions: Prenatal exposure to NO2 and PM was not associated with autistic traits in children from 4 to 10 years of age in four European population-based birth/child cohort studies.Funding was provided as follows: ESCAPE Project— European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2011-GA#211250). CATSS, Sweden— Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE), Swedish Research Council (VR) Formas, in partner hip with FORTE and VINNOVA (cross-disciplinary research program concerning children’s and young people’s mental health); VR through the Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences (SIMSAM) framework grant 340-2013-5867; HKH Kronprinsessan Lovisas förening för barnasjukvård; and the Strategic Research Program in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet. Generation R, the Netherlands—The Generation R Study is conducted by the Erasmus University Medical Center in close collaboration with the School of Law and Faculty of Social Sciences of the Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipal Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam; the Rotterdam Homecare foundation, Rotterdam; and the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond (STAR-MDC), Rotterdam. The general design of the Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam; the Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) received funding from the Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment to support exposure assessment. GASPII, Italy—grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (ex art.12, 2001). INMA, Spain— grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176 and CB06/02/0041 FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, 11/01007, 11/02591, CP11/00178, FIS-PI041436, FIS-PI081151, FIS-PI06/0867, FIS-PS09/00090), PI13/1944, PI13_02032, PI14/0891, PI14/1687, MS13/00054, UE (FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957, and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1); Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241; La Fundació La Marató de TV3 (090430); Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana; Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069); and Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001). V.W.V.J. received an additional grant from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw 90700303, 916.10159). A.G.’s work was supported by a research grant from the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2008–2013-GA#212652). A full roster of the INMA project investigators can be found online (http://www. proyectoinma.org/presentacion-inma/listado-investigadores/ en_listado-investigadores.html)

A systematic comparison of statistical methods to detect interactions in exposome-health associations

Background There is growing interest in examining the simultaneous effects of multiple exposures and, more generally, the effects of mixtures of exposures, as part of the exposome concept (being defined as the totality of human environmental exposures from conception onwards). Uncovering such combined effects is challenging owing to the large number of exposures, several of them being highly correlated. We performed a simulation study in an exposome context to compare the performance of several statistical methods that have been proposed to detect statistical interactions. Methods Simulations were based on an exposome including 237 exposures with a realistic correlation structure. We considered several statistical regression-based methods, including two-step Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS2), the Deletion/Substitution/Addition (DSA) algorithm, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Group-Lasso INTERaction-NET (GLINTERNET), a three-step method based on regression trees and finally Boosted Regression Trees (BRT). We assessed the performance of each method in terms of model size, predictive ability, sensitivity and false discovery rate. Results GLINTERNET and DSA had better overall performance than the other methods, with GLINTERNET having better properties in terms of selecting the true predictors (sensitivity) and of predictive ability, while DSA had a lower number of false positives. In terms of ability to capture interaction terms, GLINTERNET and DSA had again the best performances, with the same trade-off between sensitivity and false discovery proportion. When GLINTERNET and DSA failed to select an exposure truly associated with the outcome, they tended to select a highly correlated one. When interactions were not present in the data, using variable selection methods that allowed for interactions had only slight costs in performance compared to methods that only searched for main effects. Conclusions GLINTERNET and DSA provided better performance in detecting two-way interactions, compared to other existing methods

Atmospheric pollution and Human reproduction.

Une fraction importante de la population est exposée à la pollution atmosphérique ; ses effets sur la mortalité et la morbidité cardiovasculaire et respiratoire sont connus, et un effet de l'exposition au cours de la grossesse sur le poids de naissance et la croissance fœtale est probable ; un effet sur le risque de naissance prématurée a aussi été suggéré par de nombreuses études, essentiellement en Amérique. En revanche, la capacité des couples à concevoir -fertilité- et les paramètres de la fertilité féminine ont été très peu étudiés en lien avec cette exposition.L’objectif de ce doctorat était de documenter un effet éventuel de la pollution atmosphérique sur la fonction de reproduction humaine et tout particulièrement sur les caractéristiques du cycle menstruel, la probabilité de survenue d’une grossesse (fertilité) et le risque de naissance prématurée.Nous nous sommes appuyés sur une cohorte de couples n’utilisant pas de méthode contraceptive (l’Observatoire de la fertilité en France) et sur treize cohortes de naissances européennes participant au projet ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects).Nous avons observé un allongement de la durée de la phase folliculaire du cycle menstruel (période du cycle entre le début des règles et l’ovulation) avec l’exposition de la femme aux particules en suspension dans l’atmosphère (n=158, β=1,6 jour pour une augmentation de la concentration des particules de diamètre aérodynamique inférieur à 10 µm -PM10- de 10 µg/m3 dans le mois précédant le cycle, intervalle de confiance, IC à 95%, 0,3; 2,9). En utilisant deux designs d’étude en parallèle sur la même population, l’approche des durées en cours et l’approche de cohorte prévalente, nous avons mis en évidence une tendance à une diminution de la probabilité de grossesse en association avec l’exposition à la pollution atmosphérique pour la première approche (cohorte prévalente : n=468, risque relatif de grossesse, HR : 0,69 pour une augmentation des PM10 de 10 µg/m3 dans les 70 jours précédant l’inclusion, IC à 95%, 0,43;1,12) ; la tendance était similaire avec l’approche des durées en cours (n=516, durée médiane sans contraception multipliée par 1,29 pour une augmentation des PM10 de 10 µg/m3 dans les 70 jours précédant l’arrêt de la contraception, IC à 95%, 0,97;1,70).Le risque de naissance prématurée, analysé avec un modèle de survie en prenant en compte l’exposition comme une variable dépendant du temps, n’était pas associé à divers polluants atmosphériques dans les cohortes du projet ESCAPE (n=46 791, OR=0,97 pour une augmentation du niveau moyen de PM10 de 10 µg/m3 pendant la grossesse, IC à 95%, 0,87 ;1,07). Nous avons par ailleurs mis en évidence une augmentation du risque de naissance prématurée avec la pression atmosphérique pendant le premier trimestre de grossesse et avec la température moyenne pendant le premier trimestre, au moins dans l’intervalle entre -5°C et 10°C. Nous avons montré qu’une partie de la littérature en faveur d’une association entre particules fines et risque de naissance prématurée pourrait être sujette à un biais causé par des durées de fenêtres d’exposition différentes entre les enfants nés avant terme et ceux nés à terme.Dans l’ensemble, ce travail confirme la nécessité d’utiliser un modèle de survie avec variables dépendant du temps pour étudier le risque de naissance prématurité et appelle à poursuivre les recherches concernant des effets possibles des polluants atmosphériques sur le cycle menstruel et la fertilité, pour lesquels nos travaux font partie des premiers réalisés en population générale.A large fraction of the population is exposed to atmospheric pollution, which has known effects on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity and probable effect on birthweight and fetal growth. So far, the biological aptitude to conceive for couples -fecundity- and the female markers of fecundity have been seldom studied in relation with this environmental exposure.The aim of this PhD was to quantify the possible association between atmospheric pollution and specific health outcomes related to human reproduction: menstrual cycle characteristics, probability of pregnancy and preterm birth risk. We relied on a population of couples not using any contraceptive method (Observatory of Fecundity in France) and on 13 birth cohorts participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects.We observed that higher levels of atmospheric pollutants during the 30 days before the start of a menstrual cycle were associated with longer follicular phase (n=158, β=1.6 days per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in particulate matters with an aerodynamical diameter of less than 10 µm -PM10; 95% confidence interval: 0.3;2.9). In the population recruited in OBSEFF study, we observed a trend for an increased time to pregnancy with short-term NO2 and PM10 levels in an original approach relying on two seldom used study designs focusing on a marker of fecundity in parallel: the prevalent cohort approach (n=468, hazard ratio of pregnancy, HR: 0.69 per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in PM10 during the 70 days before the inclusion, with a 95% CI of 0.43;1.12) and the current duration approach (n=516, median current duration of unprotected intercourse multiplied by 1.29 per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in PM10 during the 70 days before the contraception stop, 95% CI: 0.97;1.70). In the cohorts included in ESCAPE, preterm delivery risk studied by a survival model with time-dependent exposures was not associated with atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy (n=46,791, OR=0.97 per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in PM10 during the whole pregnancy, 95% CI 0.87;1.7). We observed an increased risk of preterm birth with higher atmospheric pressure during the first trimester of pregnancy and to some extent with temperature between -5°C and 10°C during the first trimester of pregnancy. We additionally showed that using exposure windows with different durations between cases and non-cases is a source of a bias in preterm birth studies that may impact several studies in the literature.This work demonstrated that using a survival model with time-dependent exposures is crucial to study preterm delivery risk. It appeals for additional research on the possible adverse effects of atmospheric pollution on menstrual cycle and fecundity, as our studies are among the first ones conducted in a general population on those topics

Pollution atmosphérique et reproduction humaine.

A large fraction of the population is exposed to atmospheric pollution, which has known effects on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity and probable effect on birthweight and fetal growth. So far, the biological aptitude to conceive for couples -fecundity- and the female markers of fecundity have been seldom studied in relation with this environmental exposure.The aim of this PhD was to quantify the possible association between atmospheric pollution and specific health outcomes related to human reproduction: menstrual cycle characteristics, probability of pregnancy and preterm birth risk. We relied on a population of couples not using any contraceptive method (Observatory of Fecundity in France) and on 13 birth cohorts participating in the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects.We observed that higher levels of atmospheric pollutants during the 30 days before the start of a menstrual cycle were associated with longer follicular phase (n=158, β=1.6 days per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in particulate matters with an aerodynamical diameter of less than 10 µm -PM10; 95% confidence interval: 0.3;2.9). In the population recruited in OBSEFF study, we observed a trend for an increased time to pregnancy with short-term NO2 and PM10 levels in an original approach relying on two seldom used study designs focusing on a marker of fecundity in parallel: the prevalent cohort approach (n=468, hazard ratio of pregnancy, HR: 0.69 per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in PM10 during the 70 days before the inclusion, with a 95% CI of 0.43;1.12) and the current duration approach (n=516, median current duration of unprotected intercourse multiplied by 1.29 per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in PM10 during the 70 days before the contraception stop, 95% CI: 0.97;1.70). In the cohorts included in ESCAPE, preterm delivery risk studied by a survival model with time-dependent exposures was not associated with atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy (n=46,791, OR=0.97 per each increase by 10 µg/m3 in PM10 during the whole pregnancy, 95% CI 0.87;1.7). We observed an increased risk of preterm birth with higher atmospheric pressure during the first trimester of pregnancy and to some extent with temperature between -5°C and 10°C during the first trimester of pregnancy. We additionally showed that using exposure windows with different durations between cases and non-cases is a source of a bias in preterm birth studies that may impact several studies in the literature.This work demonstrated that using a survival model with time-dependent exposures is crucial to study preterm delivery risk. It appeals for additional research on the possible adverse effects of atmospheric pollution on menstrual cycle and fecundity, as our studies are among the first ones conducted in a general population on those topics.Une fraction importante de la population est exposée à la pollution atmosphérique ; ses effets sur la mortalité et la morbidité cardiovasculaire et respiratoire sont connus, et un effet de l'exposition au cours de la grossesse sur le poids de naissance et la croissance fœtale est probable ; un effet sur le risque de naissance prématurée a aussi été suggéré par de nombreuses études, essentiellement en Amérique. En revanche, la capacité des couples à concevoir -fertilité- et les paramètres de la fertilité féminine ont été très peu étudiés en lien avec cette exposition.L’objectif de ce doctorat était de documenter un effet éventuel de la pollution atmosphérique sur la fonction de reproduction humaine et tout particulièrement sur les caractéristiques du cycle menstruel, la probabilité de survenue d’une grossesse (fertilité) et le risque de naissance prématurée.Nous nous sommes appuyés sur une cohorte de couples n’utilisant pas de méthode contraceptive (l’Observatoire de la fertilité en France) et sur treize cohortes de naissances européennes participant au projet ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects).Nous avons observé un allongement de la durée de la phase folliculaire du cycle menstruel (période du cycle entre le début des règles et l’ovulation) avec l’exposition de la femme aux particules en suspension dans l’atmosphère (n=158, β=1,6 jour pour une augmentation de la concentration des particules de diamètre aérodynamique inférieur à 10 µm -PM10- de 10 µg/m3 dans le mois précédant le cycle, intervalle de confiance, IC à 95%, 0,3; 2,9). En utilisant deux designs d’étude en parallèle sur la même population, l’approche des durées en cours et l’approche de cohorte prévalente, nous avons mis en évidence une tendance à une diminution de la probabilité de grossesse en association avec l’exposition à la pollution atmosphérique pour la première approche (cohorte prévalente : n=468, risque relatif de grossesse, HR : 0,69 pour une augmentation des PM10 de 10 µg/m3 dans les 70 jours précédant l’inclusion, IC à 95%, 0,43;1,12) ; la tendance était similaire avec l’approche des durées en cours (n=516, durée médiane sans contraception multipliée par 1,29 pour une augmentation des PM10 de 10 µg/m3 dans les 70 jours précédant l’arrêt de la contraception, IC à 95%, 0,97;1,70).Le risque de naissance prématurée, analysé avec un modèle de survie en prenant en compte l’exposition comme une variable dépendant du temps, n’était pas associé à divers polluants atmosphériques dans les cohortes du projet ESCAPE (n=46 791, OR=0,97 pour une augmentation du niveau moyen de PM10 de 10 µg/m3 pendant la grossesse, IC à 95%, 0,87 ;1,07). Nous avons par ailleurs mis en évidence une augmentation du risque de naissance prématurée avec la pression atmosphérique pendant le premier trimestre de grossesse et avec la température moyenne pendant le premier trimestre, au moins dans l’intervalle entre -5°C et 10°C. Nous avons montré qu’une partie de la littérature en faveur d’une association entre particules fines et risque de naissance prématurée pourrait être sujette à un biais causé par des durées de fenêtres d’exposition différentes entre les enfants nés avant terme et ceux nés à terme.Dans l’ensemble, ce travail confirme la nécessité d’utiliser un modèle de survie avec variables dépendant du temps pour étudier le risque de naissance prématurité et appelle à poursuivre les recherches concernant des effets possibles des polluants atmosphériques sur le cycle menstruel et la fertilité, pour lesquels nos travaux font partie des premiers réalisés en population générale

Pooling and Comparing Noise Annoyance Scores and “High Annoyance” (HA) Responses on the 5-Point and 11-Point Scales: Principles and Practical Advice

The use of different noise annoyance scales across studies and socio-acoustic surveys, in particular the popular 5-point verbal and 11-point numerical scales, has made the evaluation, comparison, and pooling of noise annoyance responses among studies a taxing issue. This is particularly the case when “high annoyance” (HA) responses need to be compared and when the original studies used different scales; thus, there are different so-called cutoff points that define the part of the scale that indicates the HA status. This paper provides practical guidance on pooling and comparing the respective annoyance data in both the linear and logistic regression context in a statistically adequate manner. It caters to researchers who want to carry out pooled analyses on annoyance data that have been collected on different scales or need to compare exposure–HA relationships between the 5-point and 11-point scales. The necessary simulation of a cutoff point non-native to an original scale can be achieved with a random assignment approach, which is exemplified in the paper using original response data from a range of recent noise annoyance surveys. A code example in the R language is provided for easy implementation of the pertinent procedures with one’s own survey data. Lastly, the not insignificant limitations of combining and/or comparing responses from different noise annoyance scales are discussed

Quantification of sound exposure from wind turbines in France

The WHO guidelines on environmental noise highlight that evidence on the health effects of wind turbine sound levels is either non-existent or of poor quality. In this context, a feasibility study was conducted in France in 2017. The objective was to suggest a methodology for calculating wind turbine sound levels in order to quantify the number of windfarms’ residents exposed to this sound. Based on a literature review, the Harmonoise model was selected for sound exposure calculation. It was validated by quantifying its uncertainties, and finally used to estimate the population exposed to wind turbine sound in metropolitan France. Compared to other environmental noise sources (e.g., transportation), sound exposure is very moderate, with more than 80% of the exposed people exposed to sound levels below 40 dBA. The total number of people exposed to more than 30 dBA is about 686,000 and 722,000 people for typical daytime and night-time meteorological conditions respectively, i.e., about 1% of the French population in 2017. These results represent the first ever assessment of sound exposure from wind turbines at the scale of the entire metropolitan France.The WHO guidelines on environmental noise highlight that evidence on the health effects of wind turbine sound levels is either non-existent or of poor quality. In this context, a feasibility study was conducted in France in 2017. The objective was to suggest a methodology for calculating wind turbine sound levels in order to quantify the number of windfarms' residents exposed to this sound. Based on a literature review, the Harmonoise model was selected for sound exposure calculation. It was validated by quantifying its uncertainties, and finally used to estimate the population exposed to wind turbine sound in metropolitan France. Compared to other environmental noise sources (e.g., transportation), sound exposure is very moderate, with more than 80% of the exposed people exposed to sound levels below 40 dBA. The total number of people exposed to more than 30 dBA is about 686,000 and 722,000 people for typical daytime and night-time meteorological conditions respectively, i.e., about 1% of the French population in 2017. These results represent the first ever assessment of sound exposure from wind turbines at the scale of the entire metropolitan France

Analgesics during pregnancy and undescended testis.

International audienc