REDES DE CORRUPCIÓN POLÍTICA: UNA REVISIÓN PARA EL CASO COLOMBIANO

La corrupción es un fenómeno característico de las sociedades humanas, que se presenta tanto en países en desarrollo como en países desarrollados. En Colombia, el fenómeno de la corrupción política no solo se genera y reproduce por la debilidad institucional del país, sino también por condiciones sociopolíticas y culturales, como el clientelismo y el narcotráfico. Este artículo indaga, desde la economía, el fenómeno de la corrupción política, partiendo del análisis pionero del Public Choice e incorporando un análisis de redes para caracterizar la complejidad estructural que definen los procesos de corrupción política, clientelismo y favorecimientos judiciales en Colombia.Corruption is a characteristic phenomenon of human societies, which happens both on developement ways countries and in developed countries. In Colombia, the political corruption phenomenon is not only created and reproduced by the country’s institutional weakness, although by socio-political and cultural conditions, such as clientelism and drug traffic. This article explores, from the economy, the phenomenon of political corruption, starting from the pioneering analysis of Public Choice and incorporating a systematic analysis to characterize the structural complexity that defines the processes of political corruption, clientelism and judicial privileges in Colombia

Panorama de la construcción de vivienda sostenible e incluyente en Colombia

Sustainable development expresses the link between economic and social development and its effects on the environment. The above is not in itself a new problem, the novelty is the magnitude and extent achieved in recent years. To this challenge is added the need to generate inclusive public and residential spaces with the population with physical disabilities. These two elements establish a challenge for the housing sector, since this dynamic specifies the impacts against the mitigation of the described phenomena. The State, from this perspective, acquires a leading role since it promotes and regulates access to housing, being the main guarantor of access to housing for vulnerable populations. Defining a general overview of the subject is the main purpose of this document.El desarrollo sostenible expresa el vínculo entre el desarrollo económico y social y sus efectos sobre el medio ambiente. Lo anterior no es en sí mismo una problemática nueva, lo novedoso es la magnitud y extensión alcanzada en los últimos años. A este desafío se le suma la necesidad de generar espacios públicos y habitacionales incluyentes con la población con discapacidad física. Estos dos elementos establecen un reto para el sector de la vivienda, ya que en esta dinámica se concretan los impactos frente a la mitigación de los fenómenos descritos. El Estado, desde esta perspectiva, adquiere un rol protagónico toda vez que promueve y regula el acceso a la vivienda, siendo el principal garante de acceso a vivienda de población vulnerable. Definir un panorama general sobre la materia es el objeto central del presente documento

¿Es la educación un derecho o un servicio en Colombia? Un sistema de reproducción de las desigualdades sociales

Education is still an important instrument of public policy and a cultural mechanism. However, depending on different conditions, it can be a scenario for constant exclusion in society or the promoter of social development, innovation, science, and technology. The starting question of this reflection article seeks to know how education is approached: is it a right or a service that reproduces social inequalities in Colombia? To answer this, this paper is divided into four parts. The first is a brief introduction contextualizing the identified problem. The second one presents the causes that originate the system for the reproduction of social inequalities in the education system based on two hypotheses raised by García Villegas and Gómez-Estrada. These are: i) the confrontation between liberal and conservative parties that conditions the State-Church relationship when implementing an educational model; and ii) the continuous tension between governments, teachers’ unions and university students who defend leftist political ideas. The third part contains a descriptive analysis on segregation in terms of quality and class of the national education system, which comprises early childhood education, primary education (elementary school), lower secondary and upper secondary education (middle school and high school), and post-secondary or tertiary education (higher education). Finally, conclusions and final considerations are made.La educación sigue siendo un importante instrumento de política pública y un mecanismo cultural. Sin embargo, dependiendo de diferentes condiciones, puede ser un escenario de exclusión constante en la sociedad o el promotor del desarrollo social, la innovación, la ciencia y la tecnología. La pregunta de partida de este artículo de reflexión busca saber cómo se aborda la educación: ¿es un derecho o un servicio que reproduce las desigualdades sociales en Colombia? Para responder a esto, este documento se divide en cuatro partes. El primero es una breve introducción que contextualiza el problema identificado. El segundo presenta las causas que originan el sistema de reproducción de las desigualdades sociales en el sistema educativo a partir de dos hipótesis planteadas por García Villegas y Gómez-Estrada. Estos son: i) el enfrentamiento entre partidos liberales y conservadores que condiciona la relación Estado-Iglesia a la hora de implementar un modelo educativo; y ii) la continua tensión entre gobiernos, sindicatos de docentes y universitarios que defienden ideas políticas de izquierda. La tercera parte contiene un análisis descriptivo sobre la segregación en calidad y clase del sistema educativo nacional, que comprende la educación inicial, la educación primaria (primaria), la educación media y media superior (secundaria y bachillerato), y la educación postsecundaria. -educación secundaria o terciaria (enseñanza superior). Finalmente, se realizan las conclusiones y consideraciones finales

Planeamiento estratégico para la industria del cacao en Colombia

Este documento presenta el plan estratégico para el sector cacaotero en Colombia con base en el Modelo Secuencial del Proceso Estratégico formulado por el profesor D´Alessio (2013) para el diseño de estrategias, políticas y objetivos que le permitirán generar mayor valor al sector con un enfoque de sostenibilidad y competitividad de largo plazo. El sector cacao colombiano cuenta con un gran potencial para el desarrollo económico a escala global, los objetivos y metas trazadas requiere una serie de acciones y estrategias coordinadas entre diferentes actores de la cadena productiva. La eficacia productiva, el aumento de cultivos y la calidad de vida de los productores son pilares fundamentales para los objetivos a largo plazo del sector cacaotero. Consolidar un encaje estratégico dinámico permitirá que Colombia sea mucho más competitiva que otros países productores de cacao, aprovechando las ventajas comparativas que como nación se tienen y a su vez la especialidad en la calidad del cacao fino de sabor y aroma. Sin embargo, la actitud estratégica debe estar presente durante todo el proceso de implementación del plan, ya que no se puede caer en inercias en materia de innovación o aislarse del mercado mundial y las dinámicas de la competencia. Como estrategias de impulso al sector, es necesario que la Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros - Fedecacao logre avanzar en la transferencia tecnológica al agricultor, con el fin de alcanzar mejores procesos de secado y calidad del grano, apalancado en un proceso de investigación científica y tecnológica sobre el cultivo, el procesamiento y la gestión logística y administrativa de la cadena, que aunada con la mejora de infraestructura vial y de servicios, permita cumplir con los estándares internacionales de calidad con el cacao colombiano.This document presents the strategic plan for the cocoa sector in Colombia based on the model The strategic design for Professor D'Alessio (2013) for the design of strategies, policies and objectives to allow the creation of more value focusing on sustainability and long-term competitiveness. The Colombian cocoa sector has great potential for global economic development, objectives and goals require a series of actions and strategies coordinated between different actors in the productive chain. Productive efficiency, crop growth and producers' quality of life are fundamental to the long-term objectives of the cocoa sector. To consolidate a dynamic strategic fit Colombia will be more competitive than other cocoa producing countries, taking advantage of the comparative advantages that as a nation have a specialty in cocoa quality and aroma flavor. However, the strategic attitude must be present throughout the implementation process of the plan, since it can-not be lost in innovation inertia or isolated from the global market and the dynamics of competition. As strategies to boost the sector, it is necessary for the National Federation of Cocoa - Federation to advance the technological transfer to the farmer, in order to achieve better drying and grain quality processes, leveraged in a process of scientific and technological research. Cultivation, processing and management of the logistics of the chain, which together with the improvement of road infrastructure and services, allows to comply Colombian cacao with international quality standards.Tesi

Clonal propagation history shapes the intra-cultivar genetic diversity in Malbec grapevines

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars are clonally propagated to preserve their varietal 26 attributes. However, novel genetic variation still accumulates due to somatic mutations. Aiming 27 to study the potential impact of clonal propagation history on grapevines intra-cultivar genetic 28 diversity, we have focused on ‘Malbec’. This cultivar is appreciated for red wines elaboration, 29 it was originated in Southwestern France and introduced into Argentina during the 1850s. Here, 30 we generated whole-genome resequencing data for four ‘Malbec’ clones with different 31 historical backgrounds. A stringent variant calling procedure was established to identify reliable 32 clonal polymorphisms, additionally corroborated by Sanger sequencing. This analysis retrieved 33 941 single nucleotide variants (SNVs), occurring among the analyzed clones. Based on a set of 34 validated SNVs, a genotyping experiment was custom-designed to survey ‘Malbec’ genetic 35 diversity. We successfully genotyped 214 samples and identified 14 different clonal genotypes, 36 that clustered into two genetically divergent groups. Group-Ar was driven by clones with a long 37 history of clonal propagation in Argentina, while Group-Fr was driven by clones that have 38 longer remained in Europe. Findings show the ability of such approaches for clonal genotypes 39 identification in grapevines. In particular, we provide evidence on how human actions may have 40 shaped ‘Malbec’ extant genetic diversity pattern.Fil: Calderón, Pablo Luciano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Mauri, Nuria. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Muñoz, Claudio Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Carbonell Bejerano, Pablo. Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing; AlemaniaFil: Bree, Laura. No especifíca;Fil: Sola, Cristobal. No especifíca;Fil: Gómez Talquenca, Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Royo, Carolina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Ibañez, Javier. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Martinez-Zapater, José Miguel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Lijavetzky, Diego Claudio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentin

Whole genome resequencing and custom genotyping unveil clonal lineages in ‘Malbec’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)

Grapevine cultivars are clonally propagated to preserve their varietal attributes. However, genetic variations accumulate due to the occurrence of somatic mutations. This process is anthropically influenced through plant transportation, clonal propagation and selection. Malbec is a cultivar that is well-appreciated for the elaboration of red wine. It originated in Southwestern France and was introduced in Argentina during the 1850s. In order to study the clonal genetic diversity of Malbec grapevines, we generated whole-genome resequencing data for four accessions with different clonal propagation records. A stringent variant calling procedure was established to identify reliable polymorphisms among the analyzed accessions. The latter procedure retrieved 941 single nucleotide variants (SNVs). A reduced set of the detected SNVs was corroborated through Sanger sequencing, and employed to custom-design a genotyping experiment. We successfully genotyped 214 Malbec accessions using 41 SNVs, and identified 14 genotypes that clustered in two genetically divergent clonal lineages. These lineages were associated with the time span of clonal propagation of the analyzed accessions in Argentina and Europe. Our results show the usefulness of this approach for the study of the scarce intra-cultivar genetic diversity in grapevines. We also provide evidence on how human actions might have driven the accumulation of different somatic mutations, ultimately shaping the Malbec genetic diversity pattern.Fil: Calderón, Pablo Luciano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Mauri Panadero, Nuria. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Muñoz, Claudio Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Carbonell Bejerano, Pablo. Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; AlemaniaFil: Bree, Laura. No especifíca;Fil: Bergamin, Daniel. No especifíca;Fil: Sola, Cristobal. No especifíca;Fil: Gómez Talquenca, Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Royo, Carolina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Ibáñez, Javier. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Martínez Zapater, José Miguel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Lijavetzky, Diego Claudio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentin

Differences on the transcriptomic profiles explain clonal phenotypic variation in Vitis vinifera L. 'Malbec'

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el XIII International Symposium on Grapevine Breeding and Genetics, celebrado en Landau in der Pfalz (Alemania), del 10 al 17 de julio de 2022Cultivated grapevines are clonally propagated, mainly to maintain phenotypic traits of productiveinterest; this practice turns particularly relevant in the wine industry to preserve the varietal typicity.Nonetheless, a wide clonal phenotypic diversity has been reported for several cultivars. Malbec isappreciated for producing high-quality red wines and recognized world-wide as the flag cultivar ofthe Argentine viticulture. Previous analyses demonstrated a notorious clonal phenotypic diversity forMalbec, in technologically relevant traits. On the other hand, clonal genetic diversity was shown tobe scarce, affecting mostly the intergenic regions. Aiming to dissect the molecular bases of thereported phenotypic diversity, we studied 27 clonal accessions grown under the same environmentaland cultural conditions at Vivero Mercier Argentina experimental vineyard. Phenotypic analyses wereperformed on berries at technological maturity (∼23º Brix), during two consecutive seasons (2017-2019). More precisely, we meassured: i) phenolic composition, ii) analytical profile and iii) skinweight. Afterwards, we chose the six accessions exhibiting extreme contrasting values for theevaluated features. Whole RNA extractions were performed from veraison berries (75% colored),from the six selected clones. Illumina stranded paired-end reads (150 bp in length) were obtained,totaling ∼122 Gb of transcriptomic data for 18 samples (6 clones x 3 biological replicates). In order toperform differential gene expression (DEG) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses, theobtained transcriptomic data was aligned to a Malbec reference genome, assembled de novo in atruly-phased fashion and annotated by our group. After performing a discriminant analysis includingall RNA-seq data, clone Cot-595 exhibited a highly differentiated transcriptomic profile. Moreover,this clone showed the highest total polyphenols and anthocyanins concentration, while clones Mb-506 and Cot-596 showed the lowest concentrations. Therefore, we focused the fore coming DEG andGO analyses to pairwise comparisons among the three mentioned accessions. Consistently, Cot-595exhibited GO enrichment for genes involved in the anthocyanins biosynthesis pathways, while Mb-506 and Cot-596 showed enrichment for genes involved in metabolic pathways that regulatevegetative growth. These results suggest that phenotypic diversity observed among Malbec clones,might have solid ground on the described differences at the transcriptomic level

A completely phased diploid genome assembly for "Malbec" cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.)

Most grapevine cultivars originated from the outcrossing of two genetically diverse parents, and are clonally propagated to preserve phenotypes of productive interest. Hence, cultivars are first filial generations (F1) with highly heterozygous diploid genomes, that turn challenging to assemble. "Malbec" is the main cultivar for the Argentine wine industry and it originated in France, from the outcrossing of Magdeleine Noir des Charentes and Prunelard cultivars. Based on that mother-father-offspring relationship, here we followed the algorithm implemented in the software CanuTrio to produce a phased assembly of Malbec genome. For this aim, parental cultivars? Illumina short-reads were used to sort ?Malbec? PacBio long-reads into its haploid complements, to be assembled separately. Post- assembly, bioinformatic procedures were employed to reduce the number of duplicated regions and perform sequence error corrections (using Malbec Illumina short-reads). We obtained two highly complete and contiguous haploid assemblies for Malbec, Haplotype- Prunelard (482.4 Mb size; contig N50=7.7 Mb) and Haplotype-Magdeleine (479.4 Mb size; contig N50=6.6 Mb), with 96.1 and 95.8% of BUSCO genes, respectively. We tested for the composition of both haplophases with the tool Merqury, and observed 15% of both assemblies affected by structural variations, along with 3.2 million SNPs and 0.6 million InDels. Our results indicate that this is a valid approach to assemble highly heterozygous and complex diploid genomes in a completely-phased way.Fil: Calderón, Pablo Luciano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Carbonell Bejerano, P.. Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; AlemaniaFil: Mauri, N. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaFil: Muñoz, Claudio Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Bree, Laura. No especifíca;Fil: Sola, C. No especifíca;Fil: Bergamin, D. No especifíca;Fil: Gómez Talquenca, Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Ibañez, J. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaFil: Martinez-Zapater, JM. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaFil: Lijavetzky, Diego Claudio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Genética; LIV Reunión Anual de la Sociedad de Genética de Chile; XLIX Congreso Argentino de Genética; VIII Congreso de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Genética; I Congreso Paraguayo de Genética y V Congreso Latinoamericano de Genética HumanaChileSociedad Argentina de Genétic

Coordinación de competencias e intercambio de experiencias docentes en el marco del Master Geotecnologías Cartográficas en Ingeniería y Arquitectura

Memoria ID-0178. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2014-2015