Traducir : ¿capacidad innata o destreza adquirible?

Este artículo presenta los resultados de mi tesis doctoral, que gira en torno a una investigación empírica cuyo objetivo es establecer parámetros similares y diferencias entre el comportamiento de estudiantes de último curso de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación de Granada (FTI), y sujetos bilingües sin relación alguna con la disciplina de la traducción. Todo ello en un entorno determinado, el académico, y con unas características específicas que intentan aproximarse a las de la traducción profesional. Se estudia por tanto, en ambos grupos, tanto el proceso como el producto de la traducción. Todos los sujetos del experimento llevan a cabo pruebas de traducción directa e inversa y se les permite que hagan uso de fuentes de referencia para documentarse.This paper presents the results of my PhD dissertation. The aim of this empirical research project is to study similarities and differences between bilinguals from outside the world of translation and final year students from the Faculty of Translating and Interpreting (University of Granada) who have had special training in it. Translation process and target texts are analysed in both groups. This study is conducted in an academic setting and all subjects in the investigation carry out translations into their mother tongue (B-A) and into the foreign language (A-B), and the use of translation tools such as dictionaries, Internet and other documentation sources is allowed

BILINGÜES Y ESTUDIANTES DE TRADUCCIÓN. ESTUDIO EMPÍRICO SOBRE SU COMPORTAMIENTO Y SUS RESULTADOS AL TRADUCIR

This paper presents the results of my PhD dissertation. The aim of this empírical research project was to study similarities and differences between bilinguals from outside the world of translation and final year students from the Faculty of Translating and lnterpreting (University of Granada) who had special training in it. Translation process and target texts were analysed in both groups. This study was conducted in an academic setting and all subjects in the investigation carried out translations into their mother tongue (B-A) and into the foreign language (A-B), and the use of translation tools such as dictionaries, Internet and other documentation sources was allowed.Este artículo presenta los resultados de mi tesis doctoral. Dicha tesis giraba entorno a una investigación empírica cuyo objetivo era establecer parámetros similares y diferencias entre el comportamiento de estudiantes de último curso de la Facultadde Traducción e Interpretación de Granada (FTI), y sujetos bilingües sin relación alguna con la disciplina de la traducción. Todo ello en un entorno determinado, el académico, y con unas características específicas que intentaban aproximarse a las de la traducción profesional. Se estudió por tanto, en ambos grupos, tanto el proceso como el producto de la traducción. Todos los sujetos del experimento llevaron acabo pruebas de traducción directa e inversa y se les permitió el uso de fuentes de referencia para documentarse

Explorando las emociones de mujeres cuidadoras en el contexto familiar: Experiencias de talleres psico-educativos en la provincia de Sevilla

Los resultados de la presente ponencia proceden de un programa de intervención promovido por varios ayuntamientos de la provincia y por la Diputación de Sevilla. El programa de intervención en cuestión tiene el objetivo de dotar a mujeres cuidadoras de recursos para controlar el estrés y las emociones negativas. Hasta el día de hoy más de 100 mujeres han participado en los citados talleres. El número y el desarrollo de las experiencias personales que han tenido lugar dentro de estos talleres nos llevan a proponer este espacio como un laboratorio de investigación de carácter cualitativo. En concreto, en la comunicación se describirá y analizará la participación de las mujeres en una actividad concreta. La tarea consiste en exponer a las participantes una historia sobre una mujer cuidadora. Tras escuchar esta historia las participantes comentan cuáles serían las emociones más negativas para la protagonista. La historia funciona como un estímulo para que las mujeres participantes puedan proyectar sus emociones, identificarlas y expresarlas. En la ponencia se analizarán cuáles son las características de las emociones de las cuales dan cuentan las mujeres y la forma de expresarlas

Continuous Detection of Increasing Concentrations of Thrombin Employing a Label-Free Photonic Crystal Aptasensor

[EN] Thrombin generation is a complex and finely regulated pathway that provokes dynamical changes of thrombin concentration in blood when a vascular injury occurs. In order to characterize the initiation phase of such process, when thrombin concentration is in the nM range, a label-free optical aptasensor is proposed here. This aptasensor combines a 1D photonic crystal structure consisting of a silicon corrugated waveguide with thrombin binding aptamers on its surface as bioreceptors. As a result, this aptasensor has been demonstrated to specifically detect thrombin concentrations ranging from 270 pM to 27 nM with an estimated detection limit of 33.5 pM and a response time of ~2 min. Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that this aptasensor is able to continuously respond to consecutive increasing concentrations of thrombin and to detect binding events as they occur. All these features make this aptasensor a good candidate to continuously study how thrombin concentration progressively increases during the initiation phase of the coagulation cascade.This research was supported by a co-financed action by the European Union through the operational program of the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) of the Valencian Community 2014-2020, the Generalitat Valenciana through the PROMETEO project AVANTI/2019/123 and by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through grants PAID-01-17 and the project OCUSENSOR.Martinez-Perez, P.; Gómez-Gómez, MI.; Ivanova-Angelova, T.; Griol Barres, A.; Hurtado Montañés, J.; Bellieres, LC.; García-Rupérez, J. (2020). Continuous Detection of Increasing Concentrations of Thrombin Employing a Label-Free Photonic Crystal Aptasensor. Micromachines. 11(5):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11050464S112115CRAWLEY, J. T. B., ZANARDELLI, S., CHION, C. K. N. K., & LANE, D. A. (2007). The central role of thrombin in hemostasis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 5, 95-101. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02500.xMann, K. G., Brummel, K., & Butenas, S. (2003). What is all that thrombin for? Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 1(7), 1504-1514. doi:10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00298.xWolberg, A. S., & Campbell, R. A. (2008). Thrombin generation, fibrin clot formation and hemostasis. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 38(1), 15-23. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2007.12.005Brummel, K. E., Paradis, S. G., Butenas, S., & Mann, K. G. (2002). Thrombin functions during tissue factor–induced blood coagulation. Blood, 100(1), 148-152. doi:10.1182/blood.v100.1.148Hockin, M. F., Jones, K. C., Everse, S. J., & Mann, K. G. (2002). A Model for the Stoichiometric Regulation of Blood Coagulation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(21), 18322-18333. doi:10.1074/jbc.m201173200Danforth, C. M., Orfeo, T., Everse, S. J., Mann, K. G., & Brummel-Ziedins, K. E. (2012). Defining the Boundaries of Normal Thrombin Generation: Investigations into Hemostasis. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e30385. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030385Ten Cate, H., & Hemker, H. C. (2016). Thrombin Generation and Atherothrombosis: What Does the Evidence Indicate? Journal of the American Heart Association, 5(8). doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003553Tripathy, D., Sanchez, A., Yin, X., Luo, J., Martinez, J., & Grammas, P. (2013). Thrombin, a mediator of cerebrovascular inflammation in AD and hypoxia. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 5. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00019Wojtukiewicz, M. Z., Hempel, D., Sierko, E., Tucker, S. C., & Honn, K. V. (2016). Thrombin—unique coagulation system protein with multifaceted impacts on cancer and metastasis. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 35(2), 213-233. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9626-0Remiker, A. S., & Palumbo, J. S. (2018). Mechanisms coupling thrombin to metastasis and tumorigenesis. Thrombosis Research, 164, S29-S33. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.020Duarte, R. C. F., Ferreira, C. N., Rios, D. R. A., Reis, H. J. dos, & Carvalho, M. das G. (2017). Thrombin generation assays for global evaluation of the hemostatic system: perspectives and limitations. Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, 39(3), 259-265. doi:10.1016/j.bjhh.2017.03.009Kintigh, J., Monagle, P., & Ignjatovic, V. (2017). A review of commercially available thrombin generation assays. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2(1), 42-48. doi:10.1002/rth2.12048Mohammadi Aria, M., Erten, A., & Yalcin, O. (2019). Technology Advancements in Blood Coagulation Measurements for Point-of-Care Diagnostic Testing. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2019.00395Deng, B., Lin, Y., Wang, C., Li, F., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., … Le, X. C. (2014). Aptamer binding assays for proteins: The thrombin example—A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 837, 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.055Adachi, & Nakamura. (2019). Aptamers: A Review of Their Chemical Properties and Modifications for Therapeutic Application. Molecules, 24(23), 4229. doi:10.3390/molecules24234229Zhang, Y., Lai, B., & Juhas, M. (2019). Recent Advances in Aptamer Discovery and Applications. Molecules, 24(5), 941. doi:10.3390/molecules24050941Hong, P., Li, W., & Li, J. (2012). Applications of Aptasensors in Clinical Diagnostics. Sensors, 12(2), 1181-1193. doi:10.3390/s120201181Nguyen, P.-L., Sekhon, S. S., Ahn, J.-Y., Ko, J. H., Lee, L., Cho, S.-J., … Kim, Y.-H. (2017). Aptasensor for environmental monitoring. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 9(2), 89-101. doi:10.1007/s13530-017-0308-2Pohanka, M. (2019). Current Trends in the Biosensors for Biological Warfare Agents Assay. Materials, 12(14), 2303. doi:10.3390/ma12142303Karimi, F., & Dabbagh, S. (2019). Gel green fluorescence ssDNA aptasensor based on carbon nanotubes for detection of anthrax protective antigen. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 140, 842-850. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.219Damborský, P., Švitel, J., & Katrlík, J. (2016). Optical biosensors. Essays in Biochemistry, 60(1), 91-100. doi:10.1042/ebc20150010Garcia, J., Sanchis, P., Martinez, A., & Marti, J. (2008). 1D periodic structures for slow-wave induced non-linearity enhancement. Optics Express, 16(5), 3146. doi:10.1364/oe.16.003146Ruiz-Tórtola, Á., Prats-Quílez, F., González-Lucas, D., Bañuls, M.-J., Maquieira, Á., Wheeler, G., … García-Rupérez, J. (2018). High sensitivity and label-free oligonucleotides detection using photonic bandgap sensing structures biofunctionalized with molecular beacon probes. Biomedical Optics Express, 9(4), 1717. doi:10.1364/boe.9.001717Russo Krauss, I., Merlino, A., Giancola, C., Randazzo, A., Mazzarella, L., & Sica, F. (2011). Thrombin–aptamer recognition: a revealed ambiguity. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(17), 7858-7867. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr522Ponce, A. T., & Hong, K. L. (2019). A Mini-Review: Clinical Development and Potential of Aptamers for Thrombotic Events Treatment and Monitoring. Biomedicines, 7(3), 55. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7030055Chen, X., Li, T., Tu, X., & Luo, L. (2018). Label-free fluorescent aptasensor for thrombin detection based on exonuclease I assisted target recycling and SYBR Green I aided signal amplification. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 265, 98-103. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.099Cho, H., Baker, B. R., Wachsmann-Hogiu, S., Pagba, C. V., Laurence, T. A., Lane, S. M., … Tok, J. B.-H. (2008). Aptamer-Based SERRS Sensor for Thrombin Detection. Nano Letters, 8(12), 4386-4390. doi:10.1021/nl802245wRuiz-Tórtola, Á., Prats-Quílez, F., González-Lucas, D., Bañuls, M.-J., Maquieira, Á., Wheeler, G., … García-Rupérez, J. (2018). Experimental study of the evanescent-wave photonic sensors response in presence of molecular beacon conformational changes. 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Análisis de la deserción estudiantil en los programa de pregrado de la universidad EAFIT

La deserción es entendida como la interrupción o desvinculación del proceso académico-institucional que lleva a cabo el estudiante. Identificar los factores asociados a este fenómeno de la deserción es de gran interés para las Instituciones de Educación Superior –IES–, debido a la limitación que puede ocasionar en su cumplimiento del propósito fundamental: formar profesionales. En este sentido, la presente investigación realiza una aproximación conceptual y metodológica de la deserción estudiantil y analiza este fenómeno para la Universidad EAFIT para las cohortes 2001-1, 2002-1 y 2003-1, en 14 programas de pregrado. Inicialmente se realizó una exploración descriptiva de algunos indicadores y características individuales, socioeconómicas, académicas e institucionales de la población desertora. Una vez realizada la caracterización, se aplicaron dos tipo de modelos econométricos (transversal y longitudinal) y se realizó un análisis cualitativo por medio de la aplicación de una encuesta semiestructurada a desertores de las cohortes en estudio. En los resultados se resalta una deserción en los primeros semestres, asociado principalmente a variables académicas y a una carencia de asertividad en la elección de los programasCollege desertion is defined as the disruption of higher education undertaken by a student. To identify its causing factors is a subject of great interest for Institutions of Higher Education, because it diminishes the potential to achieve their main purpose: to educate professionals. Therefore, this research approaches college desertion conceptually and methodologically, in order to analyze this phenomenon at EAFIT University. Our sample corresponds to cohorts 2001-1, 2002-1 and 2003-1, belonging to 14 undergraduate programs. Initially the drop-out population was studied through a descriptive exploration of some key indicators and several individual, socio-economic, academic and institutional characteristics. These were followed by two econometric modelings (transversal and longitudinal). Finally a qualitative analysis was made by applying a semi-structured interview to selected students who were classified as deserters. Results highlight a significant early desertion, associated mainly to academic variables and a lack of students’ assertiveness in their choice of undergraduate programs

Bimodal waveguide sensors enabled by subwavelength grating structures

© 2020 Optical Society of America. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibited.[EN] A subwavelength grating sensor based on a bimodal waveguide configuration is presented for continuous in-flow measurements of refractive index variations. An experimental bulk sensitivity of 1350nm/RIU and a limit of detection of 2x10-5RIU is obtained in a single-channel refractive index sensor.Torrijos-Morán, L.; García-Rupérez, J.; Griol Barres, A. (2020). Bimodal waveguide sensors enabled by subwavelength grating structures. OSA (Optical Society). 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1364/IPRSN.2020.ITu4AS1

Estudios etnobotánicos y florísticos de los bosques amenazados de Polylepis incarum y Polylepis pacensis (Rosaceae) en Bolivia

Polylepis forests constitute important habitats for an array of Andean fauna and flora and provide direct ecosystem services to local indigenous communities. However, there are very few floristic surveys as well as ethnobotanic studies in these forest ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the floristic composition of these forests, the socio-economic use of plant species, and the local assessment of past cover of P. pacensis and P. incarum forests in the western Bolivian Andes. We recorded a total of 46 plant species in P. pacensis forests and 58 species in P. incarum forests. They each include two endemic species, respectively, Aa trilobulata and Calceolaria bartsiifolia, and Hieracium padcayense and Calceolaria bartsiifolia. At least 13 species are medicinal and used to treat a variety of illnesses. Local indigenous communities use Polylepis as fuel, medicine, wood, and building material and it possesses an important ritual value. Fifty four percent of the interviewers considered that P. pacensis cover stayed unchanged for the last 10 years; whereas 44% perceived that P. incarum cover has increased, and 40% considered that it has decreased over the last 10 years. Conservation programs need to include the active participation of local indigenous communities, in order to improve the local valorization of these forest ecosystems.Los bosques de Polylepis (Rosaceae) constituyen hábitats importantes para la flora y fauna altoandina y proveen servicios ecosistémicos directos a las comunidades indígenas. Sin embargo, existen pocos relevamientos florísticos así como estudios etnobotánicos en estos ecosistemas boscosos. Evaluamos la composición florística, los usos socioeconómicos de las especies y la valoración local sobre los bosques de P. pacensis y P. incarum en los Andes occidentales bolivianos. Registramos un total de 46 especies de plantas en los bosques de P. pacensis y 58 especies en los bosques de P. incarum. Cada uno incluye dos especies endémicas, respectivamente, Aa trilobulata y Calceolaria bartsiifolia, e Hieracium padcayense y Calceolaria bartsiifolia. En total 13 especies medicinales son utilizadas para tratar una variedad de enfermedades. Las comunidades indígenas locales utilizan Polylepis como combustible, medicina, material de construcción y poseen un importante valor ritual. El 54% de los entrevistados mencionaron que la cobertura de P. pacensis se mantuvo durante los últimos 10 años; mientras que el 44% de los entrevistados consideró que los bosques de P. incarum aumentaron y el 40% consideró que éstos disminuyeron. Se precisan programas de conservación que involucren la participación activa de las comunidades indígenas locales, paramejorar la valoración de estos ecosistemas boscoso

Improved hemodynamic and liver function in portal hypertensive cirrhotic rats after administration of B. pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765

Purpose: Evaluating whether changes in gut microbiota induced by a bifidobacterial strain may have an effect on the hepatic vascular function in portal hypertensive cirrhotic rats.Methods: Bile duct ligation (BDL) was performed in rats. A subgroup of animals received B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 (109 cfu/daily ig.) for 1 week prior to laparotomy. Hemodynamic, biochemical and inflammatory markers were evaluated. Ileal microbiota composition was identified. Statistical analysis was performed.Results: Sham-operated (n = 6), BDL (n = 6) and BDL treated with bifidobacteria (n = 8) rats were included. B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765 significantly decreased proteobacteria (p = 0.001) and increased Bacteroidetes (p = 0.001) relative abundance. The bifidobacteria decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the BDL model (p = 0.03). BDL with bifidobacteria vs BDL rats showed: significantly reduced portal vein area, portal flow, congestion index, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, significantly increased serum cytokines and nitric oxide levels, gene expression levels of bile acids receptor FXR and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Quantitative changes in the Clostridiales and Bacteroidales orders were independently associated with variations in portal vein area and portal flow, while changes in the Proteobacteria phylum were independently associated with congestion. Variations in all liver function markers significantly correlated with total OTUs mainly in the Firmicutes, but only changes in the Clostridiales were independently associated with alkaline phosphatase in the ANCOVA analysis.Conclusion: Hemodynamic alterations and liver dysfunction induced by BDL in rats are partially restored after oral administration of B. pseudocatenulatum CECT7765. Results provide a proof-of-concept for the beneficial effect of this bifidobacterial strain in reducing complications derived from portal hypertension in cirrhosis

Bacterial antigen translocation and age as BMI-independent contributing factors on systemic inflammation in NAFLD patients

Background & Aims Low‐grade systemic inflammation is a crucial landmark in NAFLD favouring disease progression and comorbidities. We evaluated the input of circulating bacterial antigens on systemic markers of inflammation in NAFLD patients. Patients & Methods Multicenter cross‐sectional study including consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD. Demographic, metabolic and fibrosis‐related variables were collected. Circulating bacterial antigens were quantified in blood. Toll‐like receptor SNPs were genotyped. Serum cytokine levels were evaluated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to bacterial antigens was evaluated in vitro. Results Three hundred and fifteen patients from five Spanish hospitals were distributed by BMI. At least, one bacterial antigenic type was found in 66 patients with BMI 30 (77.3%) (P = .014). HOMA‐IR was significantly higher in the presence of circulating antigens among patients with BMI < 30. NASH and significant fibrosis in non‐obese patients were more frequent in the presence of at least two circulating antigenic types. Allelic frequencies of TLR variants were similar to controls and did not affect clinical or laboratory parameters. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in patients with bacterial antigens, regardless of BMI. TLR gene and protein expression levels were significantly increased in PBMCs from patients with bacterial antigens. Antigen concentrations independently influenced TNF‐α and IL‐6, in both BMI subgroups of patients. Age independently influenced TNF‐α and IL‐6 in non‐obese patients, and TNF‐α in obese patients. Conclusion Serum circulating bacterial antigens as well as age were BMI‐independent factors related to increased systemic inflammation in NAFLD and provides insight on the multifaceted sources of inflammation in these patients.This work has been funded by grants PI16/0967 and PI17/0535 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, and PROMETEO 2016/001 from Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain. IGH was recipient of a Young Investigator Grant by CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

Cognitive impairment in a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with relapsing-remitting course

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by demyelination and progressive axonal loss that affects the central nervous system. In addition of physical disability and the neurodegenerative process, MS associates with co-morbid behavioral, neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairment, including learning and memory deficits. The study of cognitive impairment in the currently most suitable experimental animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), constitutes a very valuable tool to translate ultimately into clinical a better diagnosis and more effective treatment protocols. In our study, we analyzed the behavioral profile of a murine model of EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55) which develops a relapsing-remitting course. In the early neuroinflammatory phase of the disease, i.e. 19-21 days post immunization (dpi), EAE mice exhibited deficits in motor coordination/skill learning (Rotarod test), and spatial working memory (spontaneous alternation in Y-maze), as well as depressive symptoms (tail suspension test) and anxiety-like behavior (elevated plus-maze). EAE mice did not yet show object recognition memory impairments, suggesting that reference memory was not altered in this phase. However, from 33-35 dpi until late phases (49-52 dpi), independently of clinical score, EAE mice exhibited a memory decline showing lower discrimination index in the object recognition test. EAE late phase was also characterized by motor coordination and spatial working memory impairments as well as higher anxiety-like behavior. Overall, these data demonstrates a differential pattern of gradual cognitive dysfunctions during the relapsing-remitting EAE course that could help to understand the development of progressive cognitive decline in MS patients. Funding: Andalusian Regional Ministries of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment (SEJ-1863; CTS643) and of Health (PI-0234-2013; Nicola´s Monardes Programme).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech