EL ROL DE LOS CÓDIGOS DE CONDUCTA EN EL FOMENTO DE LA ÉTICA PÚBLICA: UN ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO ENTRE MÉXICO Y COLOMBIA

RESUMEN En los países Latinoamericanos y en especial México y Colombia, existe un creciente interés por fomentar la ética en el ámbito público, ya que se considera una parte integral de los mecanismos para fomentar la democracia y buenas prácticas en el sector. En base a estos precedentes el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis comparativo de los valores que fomentan los códigos de conducta de los ayuntamientos de México y Colombia. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas en los valores transparencia, honestidad y justicia. En este sentido, los Ayuntamientos colombianos prestan un mayor interés por comunicar la importancia del acceso a la información pública, mientras que los mexicanos realizan un mayor énfasis en promocionar conductas que garanticen la honestidad y la equidad de los funcionarios públicos. ABSTRACT In Latin American countries and particularly in Mexico and Colombia there is an increasing demand for improving ethic in the public sector, due to it is an integral part of the mechanisms for boosting democracy and best practice. Based on these considerations, this paper aims to perform a comparative analysis of the values that are fostered by the codes of conduct from Mexican and Colombian local governments. The main findings show that there are significant differences in the values transparency, honesty and equity. In this regard, the Colombian local governments pay a greater attention to the importance of the access to public information while those Mexican give more emphasis in promotion conducts that guarantee the honesty and equity of the public servants

Social Responsibility information disclosure: Comparison between public versus private company in Spain

The aim of this paper is the comparative analysis of the online information disclosed regarding social responsibility between public and private companies, as well as their determining factors. To this end, a comparative analysis followed by a multiple regression analysis was performed. The findings indicate that public companies have greater availability of information in their websites concerning the economic and environmental impact of their activities than private ones. Likewise, it is evidenced that “type of property” is a determining factor for transparency practices.El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la información sobre responsabilidad social divulgada online por empresas públicas frente a las privadas y sus factores determinantes. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis comparativo así como un análisis de regresión múltiple. Los resultados muestran que las empresas públicas disponen en sus páginas web de mayor información referente al impacto económico y medioambiental de sus actividades, que en el caso de las privadas. Asimismo, se evidencia que el factor “tipo de propiedad” es determinante en las prácticas de transparencia

NGO’s Efficiency and Transparency Policy: The Colombian Case

In recent years the influence of Colombian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in diverse social sectors of the country has increased. However, the legitimacy of this sector has been undermined by corruption. This distrust has questioned the efficiency of NGOs as social tools. Transparency as a mechanism against corruption and one of the tools that improves the functioning of an organization is considered. There is no doubt that Internet is an essential element in disseminating information to the different stakeholders of the organization.This paper sets out three main objectives: i) the analysis of information disclosure through the Internet of Colombian NGOs, ii) the analysis of the efficiency of these entities in reaching their social goals and, iii) the analysis of the online transparency effect in a greater efficiency of the Colombian NGOs

Airborne pollen concentrations in Sierra de las Nieves National Park (southern Spain) and its allergenic potential.

Sierra de las Nieves was declared National Park in 2021. Around 100 000 people visit the park every year and a high percentage of them may suffer allergy symptoms due to the presence of some pollen types in the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to determine the allergenic potential of the concentrations registered in the atmosphere of Sierra de las Nieves National Park as well as the seasonality of different pollen types. Airborne pollen was sampled by means of a Hirst-type volumetric pollen trap installed in “Las Conejeras” recreational area. In this study, data of the year 2022 were considered. Pollen samples were mounted and counted following the methodology proposed by the Spanish Aerobiology Network. Data were managed by means of the AeRobiology package, implemented in R software. Spearman correlations test between daily pollen concentrations and the main meteorological parameters were performed. Airborne pollen was detected during almost the whole year, with the highest concentrations being reached during the period April-June (89.19% of the total annual pollen integral). The pollen type with the highest number of days with concentrations of high allergenic potential was Quercus (25 days), followed by Castanea and Poaceae (8 days), the period with the highest risk for allergy sufferers being April-July. High temperatures favour pollen release, increasing the airborne pollen concentrations, but precipitation and high relative humidity favour pollen precipitation, reducing airborne pollen concentrations. Wind dynamics play different roles depending on the pollen type considered, due to the heterogeneous distribution of the pollen emission sources. Allergy sufferers should consider the pollination period of the pollen types which they are allergic to when planning their visits to the National Park, especially on days with high temperatures and low relative humidity, meteorological conditions that tend to increase pollen concentrations.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Reduction of adult neurogenesis by temozolomide inhibits intrinsic preference for exploring complex objects in mice

Póster de congresoIntrinsic exploratory bias is an innate tendency to prefer certain types of stimuli or environments over others. For example, mice would genuinely spent more time exploring perceptually complex objects (i.e. with edges and concavities) than simpler objects without irregularities. Intrinsic exploratory bias are relevant as they may be associated to cognitive, emotional and even personality-like traits. However, their neurobiological basis are scarcely investigated. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a key neuroplastic phenomenon for the processing of spatial and contextual stimuli in rodents, being involved in novelty recognition, spatial navigation and spatial pattern separation tasks. Therefore, here we studied whether a pharmacological inhibition of AHN influences intrinsic motivation for exploring complex objects. Twenty male young adult C57BL/6J mice (∼3 months old) received vehicle or the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) for four weeks. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered weekly, confirming a reduction of AHN-related markers by TMZ. After the pharmacological treatment, mice were tested for behavior. TMZ did not impair mice’s health nor their general exploratory and anxiety-like responses. Unlike control mice, the TMZ-treated mice did not prefer exploring a complex (i.e. irregular) object over a simple (i.e. non-irregular) object of similar size presented at once. Nevertheless, they were able to discriminate a novel complex object from a familiar complex object. This suggest that the lack of intrinsic preference for complexity could be explained by motivational and not by cognitive variables. Future studies should investigate a new role of AHN in modulating exploratory bias.Universidad de Málaga; Project PID2020-114374RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Comparative Study between the Combination of Dexamethasone and Bupivacaine for Third Molar Surgery Postoperative Pain: A Triple-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives: To compare the possible benefits of the combination of dexamethasone–bupivacaine with articaine–epinephrine as an anaesthetic block after third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: Triple-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel, phase 3 clinical trial. Two groups: experimental (93 patients) with standard anaesthetic block: 40/0.005 mg/mL articaine–epinephrine and submucosal reinforcement with 0.8 mg dexamethasone–5% bupivacaine; and control group (91 patients) with standard block: 40/0.005 mg/mL articaine–epinephrine. The surgery consisted of the extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar by performing a procedure following the same repeatable scheme. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to analyse postoperative pain. Results: Groups were homogeneous, without significant differences related to epidemiological variables. Postoperative pain among the first, second, and seventh postoperative days was statistically significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Drug consumption was lower in the experimental group throughout the study period (p < 0.04). Conclusion: Bupivacaine is an alternative to articaine in oral surgery, being more effective in reducing postoperative pain by reducing patients’ scores on the VAS as well as their consumption of analgesic drugs after surgery

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe