Precision spectra of A\, ^2\Sigma^+,v'=0 \leftarrow X\, ^2\Pi_{3/2},v''=0,J''=3/2 transitions in 16^{16}OH and 16^{16}OD

We report absolute optical frequencies of electronic transitions from the X\, ^2\Pi_{3/2},v''=0,J''=3/2 rovibronic ground state to the 12 lowest levels of the A\, ^2\Sigma^+,v'=0 vibronic state in $^{16}$OH, as well as to the 16 lowest levels of the same vibronic state in $^{16}$OD. The absolute frequencies of these transitions have been determined with a relative uncertainty of a few parts in $10^{11}$, representing a $\sim$1000-fold improvement over previous measurements. To reach this level of precision, an optical frequency comb has been used to transfer the stability of a narrow-linewidth I$_2$-stabilized reference laser onto the 308-nm spectroscopy laser. The comb is also used to compare the optical frequency of the spectroscopy laser to an atomic clock reference, providing absolute accuracy. Measurements have been carried out on OH/OD molecules in a highly-collimated molecular beam, reducing possible pressure shifts and minimizing Doppler broadening. Systematic shifts due to retroreflection quality, the Zeeman effect, and the ac Stark effect have been considered during the analysis of the measured spectra; particularly in the case of the OD isotopologue, these effects can result in shifts of the fitted line positions of as much as 300 kHz. The transition frequencies extracted in the analysis were also used to determine spectroscopic constants for the A\, ^2\Sigma^+,v'=0 vibronic state. The constants fitted in this work differ significantly from those reported in previous works that measured the $A - X$ transitions, resulting in typical deviations of the predicted optical transition frequencies of $\sim$150 MHz, but they generally agree quite well with the constants determined using hyperfine-resolved measurements of splittings within the $A$ state.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Corrigendum to "Overview: oxidant and particle photochemical processes above a south-east Asian tropical rainforest (the OP3 project): introduction, rationale, location characteristics and tools" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 169–199, 2010

Author(s): Hewitt, CN; Lee, JD; MacKenzie, AR; Barkley, MP; Carslaw, N; Carver, GD; Chappell, NA; Coe, H; Collier, C; Commane, R; Davies, F; Davison, B; DiCarlo, P; Di Marco, CF; Dorsey, JR; Edwards, PM; Evans, MJ; Fowler, D; Furneaux, KL; Gallagher, M; Guenther, A; Heard, DE; Helfter, C; Hopkins, J; Ingham, T; Irwin, M; Jones, C; Karunaharan, A; Langford, B; Lewis, AC; Lim, SF; MacDonald, SM; Mahajan, AS; Malpass, S; McFiggans, G; Mills, G; Misztal, P; Moller, S; Monks, PS; Nemitz, E; Nicolas-Perea, V; Oetjen, H; Oram, DE; Palmer, PI; Phillips, GJ; Pike, R; Plane, JMC; Pugh, T; Pyle, JA; Reeves, CE; Robinson, NH; Stewart, D; Stone, D; Whalley, LK; Yang,

Global patterns in endemicity and vulnerability of soil fungi

Fungi are highly diverse organisms, which provide multiple ecosystem services. However, compared with charismatic animals and plants, the distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been little explored. Here, we examined endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. We found that the endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are predominantly vulnerable to drought, heat and land-cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests, and woodlands. We stress that more attention should be focused on the conservation of fungi, especially root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical regions as well as unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between the endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high conservation needs in both groups, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms

Global patterns in endemicity and vulnerability of soil fungi

Fungi are highly diverse organisms, which provide multiple ecosystem services. However, compared with charismatic animals and plants, the distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been little explored. Here, we examined endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. We found that the endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are predominantly vulnerable to drought, heat and land-cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests, and woodlands. We stress that more attention should be focused on the conservation of fungi, especially root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical regions as well as unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between the endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high conservation needs in both groups, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms