On Synergies of Schema Theory and Theory of Levels. A Perspective from Riepel’s Fonte and Monte

Using specific examples I want to examine the extent to which the schema concept and the Schenkerian concept of hierarchical organized tonal structures may interlock or, at least, illuminate each other. In the first part I compare three 16- to 30-bar pieces by Mozart and Haydn with very similar middleground structures that are typically linked to the use of the Fonte schema after the double bar. The annotated graphs show correlations between schemata and Schenkerian prolongation figures at different structural levels. In the second part I discuss a piano piece by Robert Schumann in which a reminiscence on the galant Monte schema helps to establish a functionally coherent context that is very different from common tonal strategies. This analytical sketch could be a starting point to discuss the function and aesthetic significance of 18th century schemata in the ‘musical poetics’ of the 19th century. Anhand verschiedener Beispiele wird untersucht, inwieweit das Konzept kognitiv verankerter Schemata und die schenkerianische Schichtenlehre einander zu erhellen oder ineinander zu greifen vermögen. Im ersten Teil vergleiche ich drei kurze Klavierstücke von Mozart und Haydn, deren jeweils sehr ähnliche Mittelgrund-Struktur üblicherweise mit dem Gebrauch des Fonte-Schemas nach dem Doppelstrich einhergeht. Die beigegebenen Graphen zeigen Korrelationen zwischen Schemata und schenkerianischen Prolongationsfiguren auf unterschiedlichen Schichten. Im zweiten Teil diskutiere ich ein Klavierstück von Robert Schumann, in dem eine Reminiszenz an das galante Monte-Schema einem funktional stimmigen Zusammenhang zuarbeitet, der sich von traditionellen Formen deutlich unterscheidet. Diese analytische Skizze bietet einen Ausgangspunkt, um die Funktion und ästhetische Bedeutsamkeit von Schemata des 18. Jahrhunderts für die musikalische Poetik des 19. Jahrhunderts zu thematisieren

Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Silicon-integrated Li-ion Secondary Micro Batteries with Interdigital Electrodes

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and testing of silicon-integrated lithium ion secondary micro batteries with a side-by-side electrode setup. Cavities separated by narrow silicon spacers served as containments for two interdigitally arranged electrodes and were etched into -Si by wet chemical etching. The etched silicon battery containments were passivated by a layer of SiOx/SixNy. Al current collectors were applied by sputtering and back etching. A volumetric micro dispenser served to fill the cavities with slurries of the active materials - lithium cobalt manganese oxide (Liy(Ni1/2Co1/5Mn3/10)O2) as the cathode and lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) as the anode material. Filling with electrolyte, encapsulation, and electrochemical characterization of the finished cells took place in an Ar-filled glove box. The fabricated batteries with IDE show considerably lower impedances than cells with single side by side electrodes and are capable of constant current loads up to 10 C. A linear capacity loss rate of <0.1% per cycle was observed over 30 full cycles at 0.2C

Beyond water homeostasis:diverse functional roles of mammalian aquaporins

Background - Aquaporin (AQP) water channels are best known as passive transporters of water that are vital for water homeostasis. Scope of review - AQP knockout studies in whole animals and cultured cells, along with naturally occurring human mutations suggest that the transport of neutral solutes through AQPs has important physiological roles. Emerging biophysical evidence suggests that AQPs may also facilitate gas (CO2) and cation transport. AQPs may be involved in cell signalling for volume regulation and controlling the subcellular localization of other proteins by forming macromolecular complexes. This review examines the evidence for these diverse functions of AQPs as well their physiological relevance. Major conclusions - As well as being crucial for water homeostasis, AQPs are involved in physiologically important transport of molecules other than water, regulation of surface expression of other membrane proteins, cell adhesion, and signalling in cell volume regulation. General significance - Elucidating the full range of functional roles of AQPs beyond the passive conduction of water will improve our understanding of mammalian physiology in health and disease. The functional variety of AQPs makes them an exciting drug target and could provide routes to a range of novel therapies