MINERALIZATION AND POTENTIAL FOR FOSSILIZATION OF AN EXTREMOTOLERANT BACTERIUM ISOLATED FROM A PAST MARS ANALOG ENVIRONMENT

Introduction: Several decades dedicated to the study of Mars has enabled scientists to understand that, during its history, environmental conditions on early Mars strongly contrasted with the present-day conditions, hostile for life. Indeed, previous (Mars Express, Viking…) and more recent (MSL) missions confirmed that liquid water, heat (volcan-ism, hydrothermalism), organic matter, and redox conditions probably occurred on the planet, thus enabling scientists to seriously consider early Mars as being habitable ans suitable for the emergence of Martian life [1]. However, the detection of past life on Mars, if it existed, also requires that biomarkers (i) be preserved over geological time scales and that (ii) they remained detectable. Therefore, as terrestrial analogues for Mars, astrobiologists are addressing questions related to microbial adaptation, lifestyles and survival in extraterrestrial environments [2]. In this context, the European MASE project (Mars Ana-logues for Space Exploration) aims at better understand-ing habitability, microbial lifestyles and biomarker preservation in such environmental analogues. To do this, one of the goals of MASE is to better characterize the evolution and preservation of diverse biomarkers during the microbial fossilization process [3]

Metagenomes of the Picoalga Bathycoccus from the Chile Coastal Upwelling

Among small photosynthetic eukaryotes that play a key role in oceanic food webs, picoplanktonic Mamiellophyceae such as Bathycoccus, Micromonas, and Ostreococcus are particularly important in coastal regions. By using a combination of cell sorting by flow cytometry, whole genome amplification (WGA), and 454 pyrosequencing, we obtained metagenomic data for two natural picophytoplankton populations from the coastal upwelling waters off central Chile. About 60% of the reads of each sample could be mapped to the genome of Bathycoccus strain from the Mediterranean Sea (RCC1105), representing a total of 9 Mbp (sample T142) and 13 Mbp (sample T149) of non-redundant Bathycoccus genome sequences. WGA did not amplify all regions uniformly, resulting in unequal coverage along a given chromosome and between chromosomes. The identity at the DNA level between the metagenomes and the cultured genome was very high (96.3% identical bases for the three larger chromosomes over a 360 kbp alignment). At least two to three different genotypes seemed to be present in each natural sample based on read mapping to Bathycoccus RCC1105 genome

The responses of an anaerobic microorganism, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined simulated Martian stresses

The limits of life of aerobic microorganisms are well understood, but the responses of anaerobic microorganisms to individual and combined extreme stressors are less well known. Motivated by an interest in understanding the survivability of anaerobic microorganisms under Martian conditions, we investigated the responses of a new isolate, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined stresses associated with the Martian surface. This organism belongs to an adaptable and persistent genus of anaerobic microorganisms found in many environments worldwide. The effects of desiccation, low pressure, ionizing radiation, varying temperature, osmotic pressure, and oxidizing chemical compounds were investigated. The strain showed a high tolerance to desiccation, with a decline of survivability by four orders of magnitude during a storage time of 85 days. Exposure to X-rays resulted in dose-dependent inactivation for exposure up to 600 Gy while applied doses above 750 Gy led to complete inactivation. The effects of the combination of desiccation and irradiation were additive and the survivability was influenced by the order in which they were imposed. Ionizing irradiation and subsequent desiccation was more deleterious than vice versa. By contrast, the presence of perchlorates was not found to significantly affect the survival of the Yersinia strain after ionizing radiation. These data show that the organism has the capacity to survive and grow in physical and chemical stresses, imposed individually or in combination that are associated with Martian environment. Eventually it lost its viability showing that many of the most adaptable anaerobic organisms on Earth would be killed on Mars today

Physiological and metabolic potentials of subsurface sediments microbial communities : cultural, genomic and metagenomic approaches

Les communautés microbiennes de sédiments de subsurface ont été décrites jusqu’à 1922 mbsf (meters below the seafloor) et pourraient représenter 0,6% de la biomasse totale. Largement incultivées, ces communautés comprennent des groupes endémiques aux environnements de subsurface et des généralistes retrouvés dans des environnements contrastés, appartenant aux 3 domaines du vivant (Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea). Bien que jouant un rôle majeur dans les grands cycles géochimiques, l’écologie microbienne des sédiments de subsurface reste peu connue. Les conditions hostiles de ces sédiments contrastent avec la présence d’activité et de viabilité microbiennes. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses questions sur les modes de vie et les métabolismes des microorganismes enfouis demeurent. L’objectif de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre quelles stratégies adaptatives pouvaient être mises en place par les communautés microbiennes de subsurface et de caractériser leur potentiel physiologique. Pour cela, 3 approches ont été utilisées.(1) Une approche culturale a permis de décrire 2 nouvelles espèces bactériennes sédimentaires (Halomonas lionensis, ungénéraliste versatile, et Phaeobacter leonis, une bactérie marine typique). L’étude de la résistance aux conditions de subsurface de ces deux espèces et de la bactérie Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolée à 247 mbsf, a ensuite été étudiée. (2) Par une étude de génomique comparée et structurale, la plasticité physiologique de H. lionensis a été analysée. (3) Enfin, le potentiel fonctionnel de communautés microbiennes enfouies à 31 et 136 mbsf dans le bassin de Canterbury a été étudié, en analysant les 2métagénomes correspondants. Les résultats culturaux et génomiques montrent que H. lionensis et S. faeciviva résistent mieux aux stress de subsurface que P. leonis et, dans le cas de H. lionensis, ceci impliquerait des propriétés physiologiques variées pouvant expliquer le succès écologique du genre Halomonas. Les données de métagénomique indiquent que les diversités phylogénétique et fonctionnelle de subsurface du bassin de Canterbury sont distinctes de celles d’environnements de surface et suggèrent que des métabolismes comme la fermentation, la méthanogenèse ou la β-oxydation pourraient être importants. La présence de gènes d’importance écologique et évolutive a permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les modes de vie de ces microorganismes et des évènements de recombinaison génomique de groupes toujours incultivés ont aussi pu être décritsMicrobial communities inhabiting marine subsurface sediments were described up to 1922 mbsf (meters below the sea floor) andcould represent 0.6% of the total biomass. This microbial diversity, remaining elusive to cultivation, comprises groups specific to subsurface environments and groups of generalists found in contrasted habitats, all belonging to the 3 domains of life (Bacteria,Eukarya and Archaea). Although playing a major role in global geochemical cycles, the microbial ecology of the subseafloor remains largely unknown. The hostile conditions of subsurface sediments contrast with the descriptions of microbial activity andviability in the subseafloor. In this context, many questions related to the microbial physiology and the lifestyles of buried communities remain to be answered. The objective of this thesis was to better understand which adaptive strategies could be deployed by subseafloor microbial communities and to characterize their physiological potential. In that aim, 3 approaches were used.(1) A cultural approach enabled describing 2 novel sedimentary bacterial species (Halomonas lionensis, a versatile generalist and Phaeobacter leonis a typical marine bacterium). The survival of these 2 species to subseafloor conditions and of the subsurface bacteria Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolated at 247 mbsf, was then studied. (2) Using a structural and comparative genomic approach, the physiological plasticity of H. lionensis was investigated. (3) Finally, the functional potential of the microbial communities buried at 31 and 136 mbsf in the Canterbury Basin was analyzed, by studying the 2 corresponding metagenomes. Cultural and genomics results showed that H. lionensis and S. faeciviva are more resistant to subsurface constrains than P. leonis and, in the case of H. lionensis, this may involve various physiological properties, maybe explaining thee cological success of the genus Halomonas. Metagenomic data showed that the functional and the phylogenetic diversity of the subseafloor are distinct from the ones from surface environments and highlighted the importance of metabolic pathways like fermentation, methanogenesis and β-oxidation. Genes of ecological and evolutionary interests enabled speculating about lifestyles of buried microorganisms and analyses of genomic fragments highlighted recombination events of still uncultivated microbial group

Potentiels physiologiques et métaboliques de communautés microbiennes de sédiments de subsurface : approches culturale, génomique et métagénomique

Microbial communities inhabiting marine subsurface sediments were described up to 1922 mbsf (meters below the sea floor) andcould represent 0.6% of the total biomass. This microbial diversity, remaining elusive to cultivation, comprises groups specific to subsurface environments and groups of generalists found in contrasted habitats, all belonging to the 3 domains of life (Bacteria,Eukarya and Archaea). Although playing a major role in global geochemical cycles, the microbial ecology of the subseafloor remains largely unknown. The hostile conditions of subsurface sediments contrast with the descriptions of microbial activity andviability in the subseafloor. In this context, many questions related to the microbial physiology and the lifestyles of buried communities remain to be answered. The objective of this thesis was to better understand which adaptive strategies could be deployed by subseafloor microbial communities and to characterize their physiological potential. In that aim, 3 approaches were used.(1) A cultural approach enabled describing 2 novel sedimentary bacterial species (Halomonas lionensis, a versatile generalist and Phaeobacter leonis a typical marine bacterium). The survival of these 2 species to subseafloor conditions and of the subsurface bacteria Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolated at 247 mbsf, was then studied. (2) Using a structural and comparative genomic approach, the physiological plasticity of H. lionensis was investigated. (3) Finally, the functional potential of the microbial communities buried at 31 and 136 mbsf in the Canterbury Basin was analyzed, by studying the 2 corresponding metagenomes. Cultural and genomics results showed that H. lionensis and S. faeciviva are more resistant to subsurface constrains than P. leonis and, in the case of H. lionensis, this may involve various physiological properties, maybe explaining thee cological success of the genus Halomonas. Metagenomic data showed that the functional and the phylogenetic diversity of the subseafloor are distinct from the ones from surface environments and highlighted the importance of metabolic pathways like fermentation, methanogenesis and β-oxidation. Genes of ecological and evolutionary interests enabled speculating about lifestyles of buried microorganisms and analyses of genomic fragments highlighted recombination events of still uncultivated microbial groupsLes communautés microbiennes de sédiments de subsurface ont été décrites jusqu’à 1922 mbsf (meters below the seafloor) et pourraient représenter 0,6% de la biomasse totale. Largement incultivées, ces communautés comprennent des groupes endémiques aux environnements de subsurface et des généralistes retrouvés dans des environnements contrastés, appartenant aux 3 domaines du vivant (Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea). Bien que jouant un rôle majeur dans les grands cycles géochimiques, l’écologie microbienne des sédiments de subsurface reste peu connue. Les conditions hostiles de ces sédiments contrastent avec la présence d’activité et de viabilité microbiennes. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses questions sur les modes de vie et les métabolismes des microorganismes enfouis demeurent. L’objectif de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre quelles stratégies adaptatives pouvaient être mises en place par les communautés microbiennes de subsurface et de caractériser leur potentiel physiologique. Pour cela, 3 approches ont été utilisées.(1) Une approche culturale a permis de décrire 2 nouvelles espèces bactériennes sédimentaires (Halomonas lionensis, ungénéraliste versatile, et Phaeobacter leonis, une bactérie marine typique). L’étude de la résistance aux conditions de subsurface de ces deux espèces et de la bactérie Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolée à 247 mbsf, a ensuite été étudiée. (2) Par une étude de génomique comparée et structurale, la plasticité physiologique de H. lionensis a été analysée. (3) Enfin, le potentiel fonctionnel de communautés microbiennes enfouies à 31 et 136 mbsf dans le bassin de Canterbury a été étudié, en analysant les 2métagénomes correspondants. Les résultats culturaux et génomiques montrent que H. lionensis et S. faeciviva résistent mieux aux stress de subsurface que P. leonis et, dans le cas de H. lionensis, ceci impliquerait des propriétés physiologiques variées pouvant expliquer le succès écologique du genre Halomonas. Les données de métagénomique indiquent que les diversités phylogénétique et fonctionnelle de subsurface du bassin de Canterbury sont distinctes de celles d’environnements de surface et suggèrent que des métabolismes comme la fermentation, la méthanogenèse ou la β-oxydation pourraient être importants. La présence de gènes d’importance écologique et évolutive a permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les modes de vie de ces microorganismes et des évènements de recombinaison génomique de groupes toujours incultivés ont aussi pu être décrit

Des analogues terrestres au service de Mars : s’inspirer de la Terre pour chercher la vie martienne

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Sur les Traces de la vie martienne

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Draft Genome of Halomonas lionensis RHS90 T , a Stress-Tolerant Gammaproteobacterium Isolated from Mediterranean Sea Sediments

Members of the genus Halomonas are physiologically versatile and harbor ecological adaptations enabling the colonization of contrasted environments. We present here the draft genome of Halomonas lionensis RHS90T, isolated from Mediterranean Sea sediments. Numerous genes related to stress tolerance, DNA repair, or external signal-sensing systems were predicted, which could represent selective advantages of this marine bacterium

Draft Genome Sequence of Phaeobacter leonis Type Strain 306, an Alphaproteobacterium Isolated from Mediterranean Sea Sediments

International audiencePhaeobacter leonis strain 306T is an alphaproteobacterium isolated from Mediterranean Sea sediments. It belongs to the genus Phaeobacter, which was recently proposed and is still poorly characterized. In an effort to better understand the fundamental aspects of the microbiology of this genus, we present here the 4.82-Mb draft genome sequence of Phaeobacter leonis strain 306T

Simulating meteorite atmospheric entry and its consequences for microbial life: the STONE X experiment

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