Die letzte Meile : Akzeptanzfaktoren von existierenden und zukünftigen Mobilitätsdienstleistungen

Die Kombination der Zunahme des Personenverkehrs und der fortschreitenden Urbanisierung in der Schweiz stellt städtische Verkehrsnetze vor Herausforderungen. Auch die Umwelt wird durch das hohe Verkehrsaufkommen in Schweizer Städten belastet. Um das Verkehrsaufkommen auf den Strassen und dessen negative Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt zu reduzieren, wird von politischer und planerischer Seite versucht, Personen dazu zu bewegen, den öffentlichen Verkehr statt private Autos zu nutzen. Einer der Haupthinderungsgründe für die Nutzung des öffentlichen Verkehrs ist die letzte Meile. Das Angebot an Mobilitätsdienstleistungen zur Überbrückung der letzten Meile wächst. Aus politischer und städteplanerischer Sicht stellt sich vor diesem Hintergrund die Frage, welche dieser Mobilitätsdienstleistungen Potenzial haben, die Nutzung des öffentlichen Verkehrs zu erhöhen und jene von Privatautos zu reduzieren. Ebenfalls stellt sich die Frage, welche Faktoren die Akzeptanz solcher Dienstleistungen beeinflussen, da diese von der Bevölkerung akzeptiert und genutzt werden müssen, um zu einer nachhaltigeren Mobilität beizutragen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden in einer Literaturrecherche existierende und zukünftige Mobilitätsangebote zur Bewältigung der letzten Meile zusammengetragen und anschliessend in Experteninterviews hinsichtlich ihres Potenzials bewertet. Anhand dieser Bewertungen und weiteren Erkenntnissen aus den Experteninterviews werden zwei Mobilitätsangebote, stationsbasiertes E-Bike-Sharing und shared autonomous vehicles, ausgewählt, um deren Akzeptanzfaktoren bei der Bevölkerung zu untersuchen. Dazu wird basierend auf dem UTAUT2-Modell, welches bereits mehrfach zur Untersuchung der Akzeptanzfaktoren von Mobilitätsangeboten verwendet wurde, ein Forschungsmodell aufgestellt und basierend auf der bestehenden Literatur entsprechende Hypothesen formuliert. Zur Prüfung dieser Hypothesen wurden in einer quantitativen Befragung Daten erhoben und an diesen Daten anschliessend multiple Regressionsanalysen und Moderationsanalysen durchgeführt. Aus den durchgeführten Experteninterviews geht hervor, dass im untersuchten Kontext des innerstädtischen Verkehrs insbesondere Mikromobilitätsangebote ein hohes Potenzial zur Bewältigung des Letzte-Meile-Problems aufweisen. Die statistischen Auswertungen zeigen, dass die Leistungserwartung, sozialer Einfluss und Umweltbedenken signifikante Akzeptanzfaktoren von stationsbasiertem E-Bike-Sharing sind. Als signifikante Akzeptanzfaktoren von shared autonomous vehicles gehen aus der vorliegenden Arbeit die Leistungserwartung, sozialer Einfluss, hedonische Motivation und die wahrgenommene Sicherheit hervor. Die vorliegende Arbeit bestätigt die Eignung des UTAUT2-Modells im Kontext von Mobilitätsangeboten sowie die Signifikanz der Akzeptanzfaktoren Umweltbedenken und wahrgenommene Sicherheit, welche dem UTAUT2-Modell in vorhergehenden Studien hinzugefügt wurden. Für die Praxis zeigt sie, dass in der Kommunikation und Vermarktung von stationsbasiertem E-Bike-Sharing insbesondere die Umweltfreundlichkeit und in jener von shared autonomous vehicles im Speziellen die Sicherheit kommuniziert werden sollte

Efficient timetable stability analysis using a graph contraction procedure

Train density on the Swiss rail network has increased significantly in recent years. This demands much more from the stability of the system, especially in combination with single-track corridors. For railroad companies, it is therefore becoming increasingly important to optimize the transport network for stability in order to be able to offer the demanded service as reliably as possible on the existing infrastructure. An approach to numerical stability evaluation of timed discrete event systems has been developed to support planners in testing the timetable for operational stability. In this approach, the traffic system under consideration is modeled as a network with all relevant timetable events and links. The system modelled in this way can be examined for its behavior in the event of a possible disruption using methods from max-plus algebra. The typical computation time of an evaluation procedure takes more than 65 minutes for a signifcant partition of the line network. This is far too high for integration into a practical optimization procedure. In this paper we present a contraction procedure added to the existing evaluation framework, and thus reduce the computation time by more than 90% without compromising the result quality

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian - December 17th, 2020

Welcome to EVALITA 2020! EVALITA is the evaluation campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. EVALITA is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC, http://www.ai-lc.it) and it is endorsed by the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA, http://www.aixia.it) and the Italian Association for Speech Sciences (AISV, http://www.aisv.it)