88 research outputs found
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Strigolactone and Strigolactam Derivatives for Potential Crop Enhancement Applications in Modern Agriculture
A Novel Class of Herbicides (Specific Inhibitors of Imidazoleglycerol Phosphate Dehydratase)
Seletividade e dose de injΓΊria econΓ΄mica de nicosulfuron aplicado em diferentes estΓ‘dios de desenvolvimento da cultura do milho
Interação entre herbicida e inseticida sobre o milho-pipoca (Zea mays), as plantas daninhas e a lagarta-do-cartucho
Potential metabolism of pharmaceuticals in radish : Comparison of in vivo and in vitro exposure
Metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plants is important to evaluate their fate and accumulation in vegetables, and subsequently the risks to human health. However, limited knowledge is available to evaluate metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plants due to the lack of appropriate research approaches. In this study, radish was selected as a model plant to investigate metabolism of pharmaceuticals in intact plants (in vivo) growing in hydroponic solution and in plant tissue enzyme extracts (in vitro). For caffeine, six phase-I demethylation metabolites identified in the intact radish plant were also found in the plant enzyme extracts. After 7 days of in vivo exposure, the amount of the identified metabolites was about 5.4 times greater than the parent compound caffeine in radish roots. Furthermore, the metabolism potential of fifteen pharmaceuticals in radish was evaluated on the basis of mass balance. After 7 days of hydroponic exposure, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, carbamazepine, lincomycin, monensin and tylosin manifested relatively less extent of metabolism with the mass recoveries ranging from 52.3 to 78.2%. In contrast, 17 Ξ²-estradiol, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, estrone, triclosan, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbadox and lamotrigine underwent extensive metabolism with only 3.0 to 32.1% of the parent compound recovered. In the in vitro system, 17 Ξ²-estradiol, estrone, triclosan, oxytetracycline, acetaminophen, sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were readily metabolized in radish root enzyme extracts with 1.8 to 34.0% remaining after 96-h exposure. While in the leaf enzyme extracts, only triclosan was rapidly metabolized with 49.2% remaining, and others pharmaceuticals were β₯60%, indicating that the varying extents of metabolism occurred in different plant parts. This study highlights the importance of pharmaceutical metabolism in plants, and suggests that plant tissue enzyme extracts could serve as an alternative tool to assess pharmaceutical metabolism in plants. Similar metabolism patterns were observed for rapidly metabolized pharmaceuticals in both in vivo (radish tissue enzyme extracts) and in vivo (the intact plant) exposure
Selectivity of Herbicides Bentazon and Nicosulfuron for Crotalaria juncea Intercropped with Maize Culture
Modes of Action of Microbially-Produced Phytotoxins
Some of the most potent phytotoxins are synthesized by microbes. A few of these share molecular target sites with some synthetic herbicides, but many microbial toxins have unique target sites with potential for exploitation by the herbicide industry. Compounds from both non-pathogenic and pathogenic microbes are discussed. Microbial phytotoxins with modes of action the same as those of commercial herbicides and those with novel modes of action of action are covered. Examples of the compounds discussed are tentoxin, AAL-toxin, auscaulitoxin aglycone, hydantocidin, thaxtomin, and tabtoxin
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