Nota sobre la distribució actual i hàbitat de Melaraphe punctata (Gmelin, 1789) (Mollusca, Gastropoda) a Mallorca

Abstract not availabl

Hydrography and dynamics of Port Foster, Deception Island, Antarctica

The circulation and water masses of Port Foster, Deception Island, were studied using conductivity-temperature-depth stations inside and outside the semi-enclosed bay and an array of bottom temperature sensors moored around the perimeter of the bay over two weeks in the summer of 2012. Inside Port Foster, the water column is divided into two layers separated by a temperature-forced, seasonal pycnocline at ~40–60 m. The circulation of the upper layer is in an anticlockwise direction, with mean geostrophic currents of ~0.04–0.10 ms^(-1). The lower layer, from ~60 m to the seabed, shows coastal-trapped waves travelling in a clockwise direction, possibly triggered by local wind gusts. Local sea ice melt in areas surrounding the underwater hot springs of Pendulum Cove appears as a fresh, warm anomaly down to 30 m

Modeling the effects of light and sucrose on in vitro propagated plants: A multiscale system analysis using artificial intelligence technology

Background: Plant acclimation is a highly complex process, which cannot be fully understood by analysis at any one specific level (i.e. subcellular, cellular or whole plant scale). Various soft-computing techniques, such as neural networks or fuzzy logic, were designed to analyze complex multivariate data sets and might be used to model large such multiscale data sets in plant biology. Methodology and Principal Findings: In this study we assessed the effectiveness of applying neuro-fuzzy logic to modeling the effects of light intensities and sucrose content/concentration in the in vitro culture of kiwifruit on plant acclimation, by modeling multivariate data from 14 parameters at different biological scales of organization. The model provides insights through application of 14 sets of straightforward rules and indicates that plants with lower stomatal aperture areas and higher photoinhibition and photoprotective status score best for acclimation. The model suggests the best condition for obtaining higher quality acclimatized plantlets is the combination of 2.3% sucrose and photonflux of 122-130 μmol m-2 s -1. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that artificial intelligence models are not only successful in identifying complex nonlinear interactions among variables, by integrating large-scale data sets from different levels of biological organization in a holistic plant systems-biology approach, but can also be used successfully for inferring new results without further experimental work. © 2014 Gago et al.This work was supported by The Regional Government Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT02BTF30102PR) and Spanish MEC (AGL 2003-05877) to PPG. ML (PR2010-0460) and PPG (PR2010-0357) thank the Spanish Ministry of Education for their financial support during their sabbatical year at Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, NetherlandsPeer Reviewe

Photosynthetic Adaptation to Length of Day Is Dependent on S-Sulfocysteine Synthase Activity in the Thylakoid Lumen

Abstract Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts contain two O-acetyl-serine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) homologs, OAS-B, which is an authentic OASTL, and CS26, which has S-sulfocysteine synthase activity. In contrast with OAS-B, the loss of CS26 function resulted in dramatic phenotypic changes, which were dependent on the light treatment. We have performed a detailed characterization of the photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in cs26 plants compared with those of wild-type plants under short-day growth conditions (SD) and long-day growth conditions (LD). Under LD, the photosynthetic characterization, which was based on substomatal CO2 concentrations and CO2 concentration in the chloroplast curves, revealed significant reductions in most of the photosynthetic parameters for cs26, which were unchanged under SD. These parameters included net CO2 assimilation rate, mesophyll conductance, and mitochondrial respiration at darkness. The analysis also showed that cs26 under LD required more absorbed quanta per driven electron flux and fixed CO2. The nonphotochemical quenching values suggested that in cs26 plants, the excess electrons that are not used in photochemical reactions may form reactive oxygen species. A photoinhibitory effect was confirmed by the background fluorescence signal values under LD and SD, which were higher in young leaves compared with mature ones under SD. To hypothesize the role of CS26 in relation to the photosynthetic machinery, we addressed its location inside of the chloroplast. The activity determination and localization analyses that were performed using immunoblotting indicated the presence of an active CS26 enzyme exclusively in the thylakoid lumen. This finding was reinforced by the observation of marked alterations in many lumenal proteins in the cs26 mutant compared with the wild type.</jats:p

The importance of mesophyll conductance in regulating forest ecosystem productivity during drought periods

Water availability is the most limiting factor to global plant productivity, yet photosynthetic responses to seasonal drought cycles are poorly understood, with conflicting reports on which limiting process is the most important during drought. We address the problem using a model-data synthesis approach to look at canopy level fluxes, integrating twenty years of half hour data gathered by the FLUXNET network across six Mediterranean sites. The measured canopy level, water and carbon fluxes were used, together with an inverse canopy ecophysiological model, to estimate the bulk canopy conductance, bulk mesophyll conductance, and the canopy scale carbon pools in both the intercellular spaces and at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplasts. Thus the roles of stomatal and mesophyll conductance in the regulation of internal carbon pools and photosynthesis could be separated. A quantitative limitation analysis allowed for the relative seasonal responses of stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical limitations to be gauged. The concentration of carbon in the chloroplast was shown to be a potentially more reliable estimator of assimilation rates than the intercellular carbon concentration. Both stomatal conductance limitations and mesophyll conductance limitations were observed to regulate the response of photosynthesis to water stress in each of the six species studied. The results suggest that mesophyll conductance could bridge the gap between conflicting reports on plant responses to soil water stress, and that the inclusion of mesophyll conductance in biosphere-atmosphere transfer models may improve their performance, in particular their ability to accurately capture the response of terrestrial vegetation productivity to drought

Apreciación estética de estímulos abstractos y figurativos: datos conductuales y registros cerebrales

- Introducció Les investigacions d’aquesta tesi s’emmarquen en la feina del grup Evolució i Cognició Humana (EvoCog), centrat en l’estudi dels trets específics dels éssers humans des d’un enfocament evolutiu-cognitiu. La capacitat moral i l’apreciació estètica són dos dels principals trets funcionals exclusius de l’espècie humana, i degut a que no deixen indicis fòssils directes, suposen un repte per a l’estudi de la cognició humana i la seva evolució. Per això el grup EvoCog centra els seus esforços en algunes de les incògnites d’aquests dos trets a través del projecte “La naturalesa moral i estètica humana. Caracterització sistemàtica dels trets derivats humans de moral i estètica” (FFI2010-20759). El projecte, en el qual s’emmarca aquest treball doctoral, es planteja aprofundir en la naturalesa dels valors de moral i estètica, així com estudiar els seus possibles trets evolutius comuns. - Contingut de la investigació Els treballs del doctorant han esdevingut en l’elaboració de diversos articles, la majoria ja publicats, que segueixen la línia esmentada. Com aproximació a l’estudi de la cognició moral a través del plantejament de dilemes morals (1–3), es va estudiar un grup de dones cristianes i es varen comparar les seves respostes comportamentals i cerebrals amb les d’un grup de dones atees (4). Quant a la neuroestètica, la revisió de Nadal et al. (5) fa una síntesi dels resultats previs en aquest camp com a marc de reflexió teòrica per aquest treball doctoral. Com a continuació de l’article de Cela-Conde et al. (6), que estudia mitjançant Magnetoencefalografia (MEG) l’activació cerebral diferencial de la resposta estètica “bell” respecte de “no bell”, es varen dur a terme dues línies d’investigació: una d’elles comportà noves anàlisi (7); mentres que l’altra replicà el mateix mètode d’anàlisi però amb l’objectiu d’explorar el contrast invers, “no bell” contra “bell” (8), i ens donà pistes que suggereixen que la resposta estètica és relativa. Per això dissenyàrem un experiment de priming (9) que tracta d’incrementar el nostre coneixement sobre l’efecte dels processos afectius i la seva influència sobre l’apreciació estètica. Això no obstant, una altra variable que sembla influir en la relativitat de l’experiència estètica és el nivell d’abstracció dels estímuls. La literatura ha descrit la tendència que tenen els participants sense formació artística per considerar bells els quadres figuratius i no bells els quadres abstractes (10–15). Tot i així, no s’ha explorat a fons aquesta tendència, i expecialment no s’ha analitzat la interacció entre el tipus d’estímul (abstracte/figuratiu) i la resposta (bell/no bell). Què succeeix quan hom considera bell un quadre abstracte, i no bell a un quadre figuratiu o una fotografia? L’article de Flexas et al. (16) és una primera aproximació a la resposta d’aquesta pregunta, i els resultats de Cattaneo et al. (17) suposen anàlisis addicionals sobre aquesta qüestió. Finalment, l’article de Cela-Conde et al. (18) suggereix que existeix una xarxa d’apreciació estètica primerenca i una xarxa d’apreciació estètica tardana, aquesta darrera estretament relacionada amb la xarxa cerebral per defecte (Default Mode Network) (19). - Conclusió Els nostres resultats, presos en conjunt i en consonància amb la majoria d’estudis actuals de neuroestètica, suggereixen que la capacitat d’apreciació estètica es serveix d’un conjunt de processos i components cognitius i neuronals, cada un dels quals sembla imprescindible però no suficient per configurar el tret de l’apreciació estética, i que pot ser compartit per altres xarxes cerebrals i trets funcionals. En definitiva, el conjunt de treballs presentats ha contribuït significativament a desvetllar possibles components cognitius i neurals del tret d’apreciació estètica i la potencial sinèrgia entre ells. A més, els resultats permeten apuntar possibles mecanismes comuns entre els trets derivats de moral i estètica.- Introducción Las investigaciones de esta tesis se enmarcan en el trabajo del grupo de investigación Evolución y Cognición Humana (EvoCog), centrado en el estudio de los rasgos específicamente humanos desde un enfoque evolutivo-cognitivo. La capacidad moral y la apreciación estética son dos de los principales rasgos funcionales exclusivos de la especie humana, y debido a que no dejan indicios fósiles directos, suponen un reto para el estudio de la cognición humana y su evolución, por lo que el grupo EvoCog centra sus esfuerzos en algunas de las incógnitas de estos dos rasgos a través del proyecto “La naturaleza moral y estética humana. Caracterización sistemática de los rasgos derivados humanos de moral y estética” (FFI2010-20759). Dicho proyecto, en el que se enmarca este trabajo doctoral, se plantea profundizar en la naturaleza de los valores de moral y estética, así como estudiar sus posibles rasgos evolutivos comunes. - Contenido de la investigación Los trabajos del doctorando han devenido en la elaboración de varios artículos, la mayoría ya publicados, que siguen la línea arriba expuesta. Como aproximación al estudio de la cognición moral a través del planteamiento de dilemas morales (1–3), se estudió un grupo de mujeres cristianas y se compararon sus respuestas comportamentales y cerebrales con las de un grupo de mujeres ateas (4). En cuanto a la neuroestética, la revisión de Nadal et al. (5) hace una síntesis de los resultados previos en este campo, sirviendo de marco de reflexión teórica para este trabajo doctoral. Como continuación del artículo de Cela-Conde et al. (6), que estudia mediante Magnetoencefalografía (MEG) la activación cerebral diferencial de la respuesta estética “bello” respecto de “no bello”, se llevaron a cabo dos líneas de investigación: una de ellas comportó nuevos análisis (7), mientras que la otra replicó el mismo método de análisis pero con el objetivo de explorar el contraste inverso, “no bello” versus “bello” (8), proporcionando pistas que sugieren que la respuesta estética es relativa. Por eso diseñamos un experimento de priming (9) que trata de incrementar nuestro conocimiento del efecto de los procesos afectivos y su influencia sobre la apreciación estética. Otra variable que parece influir en la relatividad de la experiencia estética es el nivel de abstracción de los estímulos. La literatura ha descrito la tendencia que tienen los participantes sin formación artística por considerar bellos los cuadros figurativos y no bellos los cuadros abstractos (10–15). Sin embargo, no se ha explorado a fondo esta tendencia, y especialmente no se ha analizado la interacción entre el tipo de estímulo (abstracto/figurativo) y la respuesta (bello/no bello). ¿Qué sucede cuando se considera bello un cuadro abstracto, y no bello un cuadro figurativo o una fotografía? El artículo de Flexas et al. (16) es una primera aproximación a la respuesta a esa pregunta, y los resultados de Cattaneo et al. (17) suponen análisis adicionales sobre esta cuestión. Finalmente, el artículo de Cela-Conde et al. (18) sugiere que existe una una red de apreciación estética temprana y una red de apreciación estética tardía, esta última estrechamente relacionada con la red cerebral por defecto (Default Mode Network) (19). - Conclusión Nuestros resultados, tomados en conjunto y en consonancia con la mayoría de estudios actuales de neuroestética, sugieren que la capacidad de apreciación estética se sirve de un conjunto de procesos y componentes cognitivos y neuronales, cada uno de los cuales parece imprescindible pero no suficiente para dar cuenta del rasgo de apreciación estética, y que puede ser compartido por otras redes cerebrales y rasgos funcionales. En definitiva, el conjunto de los trabajos presentados ha contribuido significativamente a desvelar posibles componentes cognitivos y neurales del rasgo de la estética y la potencial sinergia entre ellos; y además permite apuntar posibles mecanismos comunes entre los rasgos de moral y estética.- Introduction The research of this thesis is part of the work of the research group 'Human Evolution and Cognition' (EVOCOG), focused on the study of human-specific traits from a cognitive-developmental approach. Moral capacity and aesthetic appreciation are two major functional traits that are unique to the human species, but they didn't left direct fossil evidence. Thus, their study is a challenge, and EVOCOG group focuses its efforts on some of the questions about these two traits through the project "The moral and aesthetic nature of humans. Systematic characterization of derived human traits of moral and aesthetics" (FFI2010-20759). This project, which is the base of this doctoral work, explore the nature of moral and aesthetic values, and their possible common evolutionary features. - Research content The work of the candidate have become the ellaboration of several papers, most already published, which follow the line stated above. As an aproximation to the study of moral cognition through the moral dilemmas approach (1-3), we studied a group of Christian women and compared their behavioral and brain responses with those of a group of atheist women (4). About neuroaesthetics, the review of Nadal, Flexas et al. (5) is a summary of previous results from researches in this field and serves as theoretical framework for this doctoral work. Following the paper of Cela-Conde et al. (6), which studied, by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG), the differential brain activity between the aesthetic responses "beautiful" and "not beautiful", we carried out two lines of research: one of them with new analysis (7) and the other replicating the same method of analysis but with the aim of exploring the reverse contrast, "not beautiful" versus "beautiful" (8). This revealed some indications that aesthetic response is relative. Thus, we designed an experiment with affective priming (9) to increase our knowledge about the effect of affective processes and their influence on aesthetic appreciation. Another variable that appears to influence the relativity of aesthetic experience is the level of abstraction of stimuli. The literature describes the trend that participants without artistic training consider beautiful the representational paintings and not beautiful the abstract paintings (10-15). However, it is not fully explored this trend. In fact, the interaction between type of stimulus (abstract / figurative) and response (beautiful / not beautiful) has not been analyzed to date. What happens when an abstract painting is considered beautiful? The paper by Flexas et al. (16) is a first approximation to answer that question, and the results of Cattaneo et al. (17) represent additional analysis on this issue. Finally, the article by Cela-Conde et al. (18) suggests that there is an initial aesthetic appreciation network and a delayed aesthetic appreciation network, the latter closely related to the Default Mode Network (19). - Conclusion Our results, taken together and in line with most current neuroaesthetics studies, suggest that the capacity for aesthetic appreciation uses a bunch of cognitive and neural processes and components, each of which seems essential but not sufficient to account of aesthetic appreciation trait, and can be shared by other brain networks and functional traits. In short, all of the papers of this work contribute significantly to uncover potential cognitive and neural components of the aesthetic appreciation and suggest synergy between them. Moreover, this work brings some potential common mechanisms between moral and aesthetic features

Physiological and genetic response of olive leaves to water stress and recovery: implications of mesophyll conductance and genetic expression of aquaporins and carbonic anhydrase

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 18 referencias.-- XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on CLIMWATER 2010: Horticultural Use of Water in a Changing Climate. Lisboa, Portugal.Drought is considered to be the main environmental factor limiting photo-synthesis (AN) and, consequently, plant growth and yield worldwide. During photosynthesis, the pathway of CO2 from the atmosphere to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast stroma has two main components: stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductances. Both are finite and dynamic, responding to many abiotic factors, therefore reducing CO2 concentration. However, little is known about gm regulation in the short term, where a possible role of aquaporins (AQP) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) has been proposed. Five-year-old olive trees growing in 50 L pots were used to evaluate the acclimation and recovery of AN to drought and subsequent re-watering. Control trees were well-irrigated, while in stressed trees irrigation was withheld for 13 days and then resumed. We made a simultaneous analysis of the genetic expression of two AQP, OePIP1.1 and OePIP2.1, and of CA, on the one hand, and leaf water status, leaf gas exchange and shoot hydraulic conductivity on the other. This is the first time that genetic expression in olive is related to main physiological variables. Two days after withholding irrigation (a.w.i.), the gs and gm values in Stress tress were lower than in Control trees. This limited photosynthesis. Leaf water status decreased from day 4 a.w.i. Midday leaf water potential dropped from -1.2 on the day before withholding irrigation to -6.0 MPa on day 9 a.w.i. CA expression decreased during drought and there was a peak on OePIP1.1 expression on day 4 a.w.i. Leaf water status recovered in ca. 36 h after resuming irrigation. Both gm and AN did not fully recover until 46 days after rewatering. Stomatal conductance, however, did not recover in that period, probably because of an irreversible loss of shoot hydraulic conductivity. Both OePIP1.1 and OePIP2.1 peaked 36 h after rewatering. We found significant correlations between gm and both OePIP2.1 and CA expression.This work was partly supported by grants for projects AGL2005-00220/AGR and AGL-2009-11310.Peer Reviewe

Contribution to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the sea bed of Cala Rafeubetx (SW of Mallorca, Balearic Islands)

Abstract not availabl