Really useful knowledge and the politics of radical education with reference to the working class press : 1848-1870

This work looks at independent working class radical education\ud in England from the year of revolutions, 1848 to the passage of\ud the 1870 Education Act. It takes as its starting point Richard\ud Johnson's analysis of really useful knowledge. Differing,\ud however, from Johnson, it argues that radical ideas and radical\ud working-class education and schools, far from disappearing\ud after 1848, in fact flourished. It takes as its main source the\ud often overlooked pages of the late Chartist and radical\ud working-class press and focuses on the detail of radical\ud meetings and events and the ideas that informed them.\ud After an introductory chapter which firmly situates the\ud research in its theoretical, historical and particularly\ud chronological context, the following three chapters consider\ud the events of 1848 and how these influenced working-class\ud ideas and education. The experience of radicals in the period\ud after 1848 is then considered, when support for Chartism\ud declined but Chartist ideas moved further to the left. Two\ud chapters look at the later 1850s and the little discussed\ud educational strategy for political change put forward by\ud G.J.Holyoake and opposed by W.E Adams. Two final chapters\ud consider the development of radical education in the post-\ud Chartist period of the 1860s and, finally, suggest some\ud conclusions from the work in respect of the politics of the\ud 1870 Education Act and beyond

Local pathways to low-carbon domestic heat : exploring the options in the UK

Currently, natural gas is the predominant source of domestic heat provision. Take-up of heat pumps and district heating remains at a minimal penetration of around 0.5%. In total, only around 2.5% of heat comes from low carbon sources, compared with more than 45% of electricity. As heat accounts for around 40% of UK energy consumption and 20% of GHG emissions, the decarbonisation of the heat sector is seen as vital for the UK to reach UK emission reduction targets. Different trajectories in heat provision using parallel energy vectors (electricity, gas, alternative gases, heat networks) imply a range of infrastructure impacts. In order to explore the form of different local energy systems under decarbonisation scenarios, this work seeks to: - Capture the broad forms of ’last-mile’ network: Urban, Suburban, Rural (on/off gas grid ) seen as exemplar of the UK energy system; - Downscale whole system-derived technology mixes and construct demonstrative local energy systems representing key use cases; - Using multi-carrier optimisation, determine the impacts of heat decarbonisation on current and future system actors

Local pathways to low-carbon domestic heat : exploring the options in the UK

Currently, natural gas is the predominant source of domestic heat provision. Take-up of heat pumps and district heating remains at a minimal penetration of around 0.5%. In total, only around 2.5% of heat comes from low carbon sources, compared with more than 45% of electricity. As heat accounts for around 40% of UK energy consumption and 20% of GHG emissions, the decarbonisation of the heat sector is seen as vital for the UK to reach UK emission reduction targets. Different trajectories in heat provision using parallel energy vectors (electricity, gas, alternative gases, heat networks) imply a range of infrastructure impacts. In order to explore the form of different local energy systems under decarbonisation scenarios, this work seeks to: - Capture the broad forms of ’last-mile’ network: Urban, Suburban, Rural (on/off gas grid ) seen as exemplar of the UK energy system; - Downscale whole system-derived technology mixes and construct demonstrative local energy systems representing key use cases; - Using multi-carrier optimisation, determine the impacts of heat decarbonisation on current and future system actors

New pleiotropic effects of eliminating a rare tRNA from Streptomyces coelicolor, revealed by combined proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of liquid cultures

Background: In Streptomyces coelicolor, bldA encodes the only tRNA for a rare leucine codon, UUA. This tRNA is unnecessary for growth, but is required for some aspects of secondary metabolism and morphological development. We describe a transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the effects of deleting bldA on cellular processes during submerged culture: conditions relevant to the industrial production of antibiotics. Results: At the end of rapid growth, a co-ordinated transient up-regulation of about 100 genes, including many for ribosomal proteins, was seen in the parent strain but not the ΔbldA mutant. Increased basal levels of the signal molecule ppGpp in the mutant strain may be responsible for this difference. Transcripts or proteins from a further 147 genes classified as bldA-influenced were mostly expressed late in culture in the wild-type, though others were significantly transcribed during exponential growth. Some were involved in the biosynthesis of seven secondary metabolites; and some have probable roles in reorganising metabolism after rapid growth. Many of the 147 genes were "function unknown", and may represent unknown aspects of Streptomyces biology. Only two of the 147 genes contain a TTA codon, but some effects of bldA could be traced to TTA codons in regulatory genes or polycistronic operons. Several proteins were affected posttranslationally by the bldA deletion. There was a statistically significant but weak positive global correlation between transcript and corresponding protein levels. Different technical limitations of the two approaches were a major cause of discrepancies in the results obtained with them. Conclusion: Although deletion of bldA has very conspicuous effects on the gross phenotype, the bldA molecular phenotype revealed by the "dualomic" approach has shown that only about 2% of the genome is affected; but this includes many previously unknown effects at a variety of different levels, including post translational changes in proteins and global cellular physiology

Self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism: Differential relationships with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and test anxiety

Previous studies suggest that self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism show differential relationships with intrinsic–extrinsic motivation and test anxiety, but the findings are ambiguous. Moreover, they ignored that test anxiety is multidimensional. Consequently, the present study re-investigated the relationships in 104 university students examining how the two forms of perfectionism are related to intrinsic–extrinsic motivation and multidimensional test anxiety (worry, emotionality, interference, lack of confidence, and total anxiety). Regarding motivation, self-oriented perfectionism showed positive correlations with intrinsic reasons for studying, and socially prescribed perfectionism positive correlations with extrinsic reasons. Regarding test anxiety, only socially prescribed perfectionism showed positive correlations with total anxiety. Moreover, socially prescribed perfectionism showed positive correlations with interference and lack of confidence, whereas self-oriented perfectionism showed positive correlations with worry, but negative correlations with interference and lack of confidence. The findings confirm that socially prescribed perfectionism is a maladaptive form of perfectionism associated with extrinsic motivation for studying and higher anxiety in exams. Self-oriented perfectionism, however, is an ambivalent form associated with intrinsic motivation for studying and with both higher and lower anxiety (higher worry, lower interference, lower lack of confidence) in exams

Assessing Domestic Heat Storage Requirements for Energy Flexibility Over Varying Timescales

This paper explores the feasibility of storing heat in an encapsulated store to support thermal load shifting over three timescales: diurnal, weekly and seasonal. A building simulation tool was used to calculate the space heating and hot water demands for four common UK housing types and a range of operating conditions. A custom sizing methodology calculated the capacities of storage required to fully meet the heat demands over the three timescales. Corresponding storage volumes were calculated for a range of heat storage materials deemed suitable for storing heat within a dwelling, either in a tank or as an integral part of the building fabric: hot water, concrete, high-temperature magnetite blocks, and a phase change material. The results indicate that with low temperature heat storage, domestic load shifting is feasible over a few days. Beyond this timescale, the very large storage volumes required make integration in dwellings problematic. Supporting load shifting over 1–2 weeks is feasible with high temperature storage. Retention of heat over periods longer than this is challenging, even with significant levels of insulation. Seasonal storage of heat in an encapsulated store appeared impractical in all cases modelled due to the volume of material required

Domestic thermal storage requirements for heat demand flexibility

Future changes to the UK’s energy system, specifically radically increasing the deployment of renewable energy sources at all scales, will require much more flexibility in demand to ensure system stability. Using dynamic building simulation, this paper explores the feasibility of using thermal storage to enable flexibility in heat demand over a range of timescales: diurnal, weekly and seasonal. Time-varying space heating and hot water demand profiles for four common UK housing types were generated, accounting for different occupancy characteristics and various UK climates. These simulated heat demand profiles were used to calculate the necessary storage volumes for four heat storage options: hot water, concrete, high-temperature magnetite blocks and an inorganic phase change material. The results indicated that without first radically improving insulation levels to reduce heat demands, even facilitating diurnal heat storage would require low-temperature, sensible heat storage volumes well in excess of 1000L, in many cases. Storage of heat over more than a few days becomes infeasible due to the large storage volumes required, except in the case of dwellings with small heat demands and using high-temperature storage. However, for heat storage at high temperature, retention of heat over longer time periods becomes challenging event with significant levels of insulation

Pathophysiology of LV Remodeling in Survivors of STEMI Inflammation, Remote Myocardium, and Prognosis

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of native T1 values in remote myocardium in survivors of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).BackgroundThe pathophysiology and prognostic significance of remote myocardium in the natural history of STEMI is uncertain. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) reveals myocardial function and pathology. Native T1 (relaxation time in ms) is a fundamental magnetic resonance tissue property determined by water content and cellularity.ResultsA total of 300 STEMI patients (mean age 59 years; 74% male) gave informed consent. A total of 288 STEMI patients had evaluable native T1 CMR, and 267 patients (91%) had follow-up CMR at 6 months. Health outcome information was obtained for all of the participants (median follow-up 845 days). Infarct size was 18 ± 13% of left ventricular (LV) mass. Two days post-STEMI, native T1 was lower in remote myocardium than in the infarct zone (961 ± 25 ms vs. 1,097 ± 52 ms; p < 0.01). In multivariable regression, incomplete ST-segment resolution was associated with myocardial remote zone native T1 (regression coefficient 9.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37 to 16.47; p = 0.009), as were the log of the admission C-reactive protein concentration (3.01; 95% CI: 0.016 to 5.85; p = 0.038) and the peak monocyte count (10.20; 95% CI: 0.74 to 19.67; p = 0.035). Remote T1 at baseline was associated with log N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide at 6 months (0.01; 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.02; p = 0.002; n = 151) and the change in LV end-diastolic volume from baseline to 6 months (0.13; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.24; p = 0.035). Remote zone native T1 was independently associated with post-discharge major adverse cardiac events (n = 20 events; hazard ratio: 1.016; 95% CI: 1.000 to 1.032; p = 0.048) and all-cause death or heart failure hospitalization (n = 30 events during admission and post-discharge; hazard ratio: 1.014; 95% CI: 1.000 to 1.028; p = 0.049).ConclusionsReperfusion injury and inflammation early post-MI was associated with remote zone T1, which in turn was independently associated with LV remodeling and adverse cardiac events post-STEMI. (Detection and Significance of Heart Injury in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction [BHF MR-MI]; NCT02072850

Current Smoking and Prognosis After Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction:New Pathophysiological Insights

Objectives: The aim of this study was to mechanistically investigate associations among cigarette smoking, microvascular pathology, and longer term health outcomes in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Background: The pathophysiology of myocardial reperfusion injury and prognosis in smokers with acute ST-segment elevation MI is incompletely understood. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled during emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. Microvascular function in the culprit artery was measured invasively. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (1.5-T) was performed 2 days and 6 months post-MI. Infarct size and microvascular obstruction were assessed using late gadolinium enhancement imaging. Myocardial hemorrhage was assessed with T2* mapping. Pre-specified endpoints included: 1) all-cause death or first heart failure hospitalization; and 2) cardiac death, nonfatal MI, or urgent coronary revascularization (major adverse cardiovascular events). Binary logistic regression (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]) with smoking status was used. Results: In total, 324 patients with ST-segment elevation MI were enrolled (mean age 59 years, 73% men, 60% current smokers). Current smokers were younger (55 ± 11 years vs. 65 ± 10 years, p &lt; 0.001), with fewer patients with hypertension (52 ± 27% vs. 53 ± 41%, p = 0.007). Smokers had better TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow grade (≥2 vs. ≤1, p = 0.024) and ST-segment resolution (none vs. partial vs. complete, p = 0.010) post–percutaneous coronary intervention. On day 1, smokers had higher circulating C-reactive protein, neutrophil, and monocyte levels. Two days post-MI, smoking independently predicted infarct zone hemorrhage (OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.42 to 5.37; p = 0.003). After a median follow-up period of 4 years, smoking independently predicted all-cause death or heart failure events (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.07 to 4.54) and major adverse cardiovascular events (OR: 2.79; 95% CI: 2.30 to 5.99). Conclusions: Smoking is associated with enhanced inflammation acutely, infarct-zone hemorrhage subsequently, and longer term adverse cardiac outcomes. Inflammation and irreversible myocardial hemorrhage post-MI represent mechanistic drivers for adverse long-term prognosis in smokers. (Detection and Significance of Heart Injury in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. [BHF MR-MI]; NCT02072850)