Tamanho ótimo de parcelas para experimentação com seringueira

The mathematical-statistical study of the problem of optimum plot size in experiments with rubber trees, by the methodology of the intraclass correlation coefficient (p), was carried out with the aid of data from four Brazilian experiments. The methodology applied defines as optimum plot size the number (k) of test trees per plot that minimizes the variance of a treatment mean, for a fixed total number (N) of trees, per treatment. In the case of a complete guard row, it led to recommend of 6 to 12 test trees in two rows, or 9 to 18 in three rows. Plots with one half guard row should have 4 to 10 test plants in two rows, or 6 to 15 in three rows. The usual number of replications in experiments with rubber trees (3, in most cases) is not enough, in general. When small plots are used, greater is the need to increase the number of replications, which should not be less than 5. But even with more replications, trials with small plots allow a considerable reduction in the experimental area, without loss of precision. O estudo matemático-estatístico do problema do tamanho ótimo de parcelas de experimentos de seringueira, através da metodologia do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (p), foi feito com a utilização de dados de quatro experimentos brasileiros, um realizado no Pará, e três no Amazonas. Na metodologia aplicada, define-se como tamanho ótimo o número (k) de plantas úteis, por parcela, que minimiza a variância da média de cada tratamento, para um número total fixo (N) de árvores, por tratamento. No caso de bordadura completa, obteve-se a recomendação de 6 a 12 árvores em duas linhas úteis, ou 9 a 18, em três linhas. As parcelas com meia bordadura devem ter 4 a 10 plantas úteis em duas linhas, ou 6 a 15 em três linhas. O número usual de repetições em experimentos de seringueira (geralmente 3) é insuficiente em muitos casos. Quando as parcelas são pequenas, maior é a necessidade de aumentar o número de repetições, que não deveria ser inferior a cinco. Embora com maior número de repetições, os ensaios com parcelas pequenas permitem notável redução da área experimental, sem prejuízo de sua precisão.

Phase Behaviour and Miscibility Studies of Collagen/Silk Fibroin Macromolecular System in Dilute Solutions and Solid State

Miscibility is an important issue in biopolymer blends for analysis of the behavior of polymer pairs through the detection of phase separation and improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of the blend. This study presents the formulation of a stable and one-phase mixture of collagen and regenerated silk fibroin (RSF), with the highest miscibility ratio between these two macromolecules, through inducing electrostatic interactions, using salt ions. For this aim, a ternary phase diagram was experimentally built for the mixtures, based on observations of phase behavior of blend solutions with various ratios. The miscibility behavior of the blend solutions in the miscible zones of the phase diagram was confirmed quantitatively by viscosimetric measurements. Assessing the effects of biopolymer mixing ratio and salt ions, before and after dialysis of blend solutions, revealed the importance of ion-specific interactions in the formation of coacervate-based materials containing collagen and RSF blends that can be used in pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and biomedical applications. Moreover, the conformational change of silk fibroin from random coil to beta sheet, in solution and in the final solid films, was detected by circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited alterations of surface morphology for the biocomposite films with different ratios. Surface contact angle measurement illustrated different hydrophobic properties for the blended film surfaces. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the formation of the beta sheet structure of silk fibroin enhances the thermal stability of the final blend films. Therefore, the novel method presented in this study resulted in the formation of biocomposite films whose physico-chemical properties can be tuned by silk fibroin conformational changes by applying different component mixing ratios.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

REFLEXÕES CRÍTICO-ONTOLÓGICAS SOBRE INDIVÍDUO E EDUCAÇÃO NA PERSPECTIVA DA EMANCIPAÇÃO HUMANA

O artigo trata de três questões centrais: 1) o que é indivíduo; 2) o que é educação; 3) as relações entreindivíduo e educação. Nesse sentido, buscamos inicialmente trazer para o debate a concepção naturalizada emnossas consciências de que os indivíduos são essencialmente egoístas, competidores, ou seja, que o egoísmo e oato de competir são inerentes à essência humana – Homo homini lupus –, daí a impossibilidade de superação daexploração do homem pelo homem. No segundo momento, intentamos discutir a atividade essencial da educaçãoe o seu real papel na formação do indivíduo. Por fim, problematizamos a concepção de atividade pedagógica comoprática redentora geral, isto é, questionamos a concepção de educação como a verdadeira tábua de salvação,capaz de sanar todas as formas de miséria vigentes em nossos dias. É, pois, no entendimento da contradição quemarca a determinação onto-histórica da educação: em seu sentido universal e instituída e historicamente determinada,que apanhamos o lugar e o papel efetivo da educação no processo de constituição do indivíduo livre e deuma vida plena de sentido, qual seja: uma formação assente na luta pela superação da exploração do homem pelohomem.Palavras-chave: Indivíduo. Educação. Ontologia do ser social. REFLECTIONS CRITICAL-ONTOLOGICAL ON INDIVIDUAL AND EDUCATION INVIEW OF HUMAN EMANCIPATIOAbstract: The article deals with three central questions: 1) what is individual; 2) What is education; 3) the relationshipbetween the individual and education. In this sense, we seek to initially bring to the debate the naturalizedconception in our consciousness that individuals are essentially selfish, competitors, or that selfishness and theact of competing are inherent in human nature – Homo homini lupus – there the impossibility of overcoming the exploitationof man by man. In the second phase, intend to discuss the core business of education and its role in theformation of the individual; finally, we question the design of pedagogical activity as general redemptive practice,that is, question the concept of education as the true lifeline, able to resolve all existing forms of poverty today. It istherefore, according to the contradiction that marks the onto-historical determination of education: in its universaland established and historically determined sense that caught the place and the effective role of education in thefree individual constitution process and a full life of meaning, namely, training based on the struggle to overcome theexploitation of man by man.Keywords: Individual. Education. Ontology marxian. REFLEXIONES CRÍTICO-ONTOLÓGICA SOBRE EL INDIVIDUO Y LA EDUCACIÓNEN LA PERSPECTIVA DE EMANCIPACIÓN HUMANAResumen: El artículo se ocupa de tres cuestiones centrales: 1) ¿Qué es individuo?; 2) ¿Qué es la educación?;3) las relaciones entre el individuo y la educación. En este sentido, buscamos, inicialmente, traer para el debate laconcepción naturalizada en nuestras conciencias de que los individuos son esencialmente egoístas, competidores,o sea, que el egoísmo y el acto de competir son inherentes a la esencia humana – Homo homini lupus – esta esla concepción de la imposibilidad de superación de la explotación del hombre por el hombre. En el segundo momento,intentamos discutir la actividad esencial de la educación y su real papel en la formación del individuo. Porfin, cuestionamos la concepción de educación como la verdadera línea de salvación, capaz de resolver todas lasformas de pobreza existentes en nuestros días. Es, por lo tanto, en el entendimiento de la contradicción que marcala determinación histórica onto-histórica de la educación: en su sentido universal y establecido y históricamentedeterminada, que cogimos el lugar y el papel efectivo de la educación en el proceso de constitución del individuolibre y de una vida plena de sentido, cual sea: una formación basada en la lucha por la superación de la exploracióndel hombre por lo hombre.Palabras clave: Individuo. Educación. Ontología del ser social

Phase behaviour and miscibility studies of collagen/silk fibroin macromolecular system in dilute solutions and solid state

Miscibility is an important issue in biopolymer blends for analysis of the behavior of polymer pairs through the detection of phase separation and improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of the blend. This study presents the formulation of a stable and one-phase mixture of collagen and regenerated silk fibroin (RSF), with the highest miscibility ratio between these two macromolecules, through inducing electrostatic interactions, using salt ions. For this aim, a ternary phase diagram was experimentally built for the mixtures, based on observations of phase behavior of blend solutions with various ratios. The miscibility behavior of the blend solutions in the miscible zones of the phase diagram was confirmed quantitatively by viscosimetric measurements. Assessing the effects of biopolymer mixing ratio and salt ions, before and after dialysis of blend solutions, revealed the importance of ion-specific interactions in the formation of coacervate-based materials containing collagen and RSF blends that can be used in pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and biomedical applications. Moreover, the conformational change of silk fibroin from random coil to beta sheet, in solution and in the final solid films, was detected by circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited alterations of surface morphology for the biocomposite films with different ratios. Surface contact angle measurement illustrated different hydrophobic properties for the blended film surfaces. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the formation of the beta sheet structure of silk fibroin enhances the thermal stability of the final blend films. Therefore, the novel method presented in this study resulted in the formation of biocomposite films whose physico-chemical properties can be tuned by silk fibroin conformational changes by applying different component mixing ratios228sem informaçãosem informaçã

Positive Deviance como estratégia na prevenção e controle das infecções de corrente sanguínea na terapia intensiva

OBJETIVO Descrever a aplicação do Positive Deviance como estratégia na prevenção e no controle da infecção de corrente sanguínea. MÉTODO Estudo de intervenção realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário, com os membros das equipes de enfermagem e médica, de junho a dezembro de 2014. Foram aplicados os quatro passos da metodologia Positive Deviance: Definir, Determinar, Descobrir e Desenhar. RESULTADOS Em 90 dias 188 ações foram observadas, destas, 36,70% (n=69) estavam relacionadas aos curativos dos cateteres. Em 81,15% (n=56) desses curativos, o uso da haste flexível estéril para realização da antissepsia do local de inserção do cateter e de sua placa de fixação foi a ação de maior adesão CONCLUSÃO O Positive Deviance auxiliou na implementação de propostas de melhorias de processo de trabalho e no desenvolvimento da equipe para os problemas identificados no cuidado com o cateter venoso central.OBJETIVO Describir la aplicación del Positive Deviance como estrategia en la prevención y control de la infección de corriente sanguínea. MÉTODO Estudio de intervención realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital universitario, con los miembros de los equipos de enfermería y médico, de junio a diciembre de 2014. Fueron aplicados los cuatro pasos de la metodología Positive Deviance: Definir, Determinar, Descubrir y Dibujar. RESULTADOS En 90 días 188 acciones fueron observadas; de estas, 36,70% (n=69) estaban relacionadas con los apósitos de los catéteres. En el 81,15% (n=56) de esos apósitos, el empleo del bastoncillo estéril para la realización de la antisepsia del sitio de inserción del catéter y de su placa de fijación fue la acción de mayor adhesión. CONCLUSIÓN El Positive Deviance ayudó la implantación de propuestas de mejorías de proceso laboral y el desarrollo del equipo para los problemas identificados en el cuidado con el catéter venoso central.OBJECTIVE To describe the application of positive deviance as a strategy to prevent and control bloodstream infections. METHOD An intervention study with nursing and medical team members working in an intensive care unit in a university hospital, between June and December 2014. The four steps of the positive defiance methodology were applied: to define, to determine, to discover and to design. RESULTS In 90 days, 188 actions were observed, of these, 36.70% (n=69) were related to catheter dressing. In 81.15% (n=56) of these dressings, the professionals most adhered to the use of flexible sterile cotton-tipped swabs to perform antisepsis at catheter entry sites and fixation dressing. CONCLUSION Positive deviance contributed to the implementation of proposals to improve work processes and team development related to problems identified in central venous catheter care

Evaluation of the buccal vestibule-palatal diffusion of 4% articaine hydrochloride in impacted maxillary third molar extractions

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the vestibular-palatal diffusion of 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 and 1:200,000, in impacted maxillary third molar extractions, without palatal injection. Materials and Method: Two hundred teeth were selected from patients age 15 to 46. Patients were divided into 4 groups: 1A, were anesthetized with 4% articaine 1:100,000 and the surgery was initiated 5 minutes following anesthesia. 1B, used 4% articaine 1:100,000 but the surgery was started 10 minutes after anesthesia. 2A, used 4% articaine 1:200,000 the surgery was started 5 minutes after. 2B, used 4% articaine 1:200,000 but 10 minutes was allowed for anesthetic diffusion before the initiation of in groups (50 extractions each) only buccal vestibule anesthesia was initially administered (i.e. no palatal injections were used). Results: The rate of sufficient vestibule-palatal diffusion, as determined by the lack of necessity of supplemental palatal anesthesia, was: 1A(84%), 1B(98%), 2A(78%), 2B(82%). Chi-square (X2) and residual analyses showed that a higher vestibule-palatal diffusion was obtained using 4% articaine 1:100,000 with a period of 10 minutes (p<0.05). Conclusions: Most of the extractions could be performed only with vestibule anesthesia. However, vasoconstrictor concentration and the time interval between administration of the anesthetic and initiation of surgery did influence buccal vestibule-palatal diffusion of 4% articaine in the extraction models used

Diagnóstico da situação produtiva e reprodutiva de rebanhos leiteiros de municípios pertencentes à Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais: Rio Preto, Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde e Santa Rita de Jacutinga

A bovinocultura leiteira está presente em todo o território brasileiro constituindo uma atividade tradicional da pecuária desde o processo de colonização do Brasil participando como uma das mais importantes cadeias do agronegócio brasileiro gerando empregos em diferentes segmentos da cadeia produtiva. No entanto inúmeros fatores têm impedido o Brasil de expressar todo seu potencial, como: rebanhos não especializados; manejo incorreto do rebanho; falta de controle zootécnico, praticas incorretas de manejo sanitária, condições gerais de higiene insatisfatórias, infraestrutura de produção insuficiente, ausência de práticas administrativas, pouco aproveitamento das pastagens e principalmente uma deficiência tanto qualitativa quando quantitativa na alimentação do rebanho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar um levantamento de índices zootécnicos produtivos e reprodutivos dos rebanhos leiteiros localizados nos municípios de Rio Preto, Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde e Santa Rita de Jacutinga na zona da mata em Minas Gerais e sugerir mudanças a fim de melhorar a produtividade leiteira da microrregião

Effects of Brazil's political crisis on the science needed for biodiversity conservation

The effects of Brazil’s political crisis on science funding necessary for biodiversity conservation are likely to be global. Brazil is not only the world’s most biodiverse nation, it is responsible for the greater part of the Amazon forest, which regulates the climate and provides rain to much of southern South America. Brazil was a world leader in satellite monitoring of land-use change, in-situ biodiversity monitoring, reduction in tropical-forest deforestation, protection of indigenous lands, and a model for other developing nations. Coordinated public responses will be necessary to prevent special-interest groups from using the political crisis to weaken science funding, environmental legislation and law enforcement. Keywords: Brazil, biodiversity, climate change, governance, fundin

Expression of HMGCS2 in intestinal epithelial cells is downregulated in inflammatory bowel disease associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress.

INTRODUCTION The Unfolded Protein Response, a mechanism triggered by the cell in response to Endoplasmic reticulum stress, is linked to inflammatory responses. Our aim was to identify novel Unfolded Protein Response-mechanisms that might be involved in triggering or perpetuating the inflammatory response carried out by the Intestinal Epithelial Cells in the context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. METHODS We analyzed the transcriptional profile of human Intestinal Epithelial Cell lines treated with an Endoplasmic Reticulum stress inducer (thapsigargin) and/or proinflammatory stimuli. Several genes were further analyzed in colonic biopsies from Ulcerative Colitis patients and healthy controls. Lastly, we generated Caco-2 cells lacking HMGCS2 by CRISPR Cas-9 and analyzed the functional implications of its absence in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. RESULTS Exposure to a TLR ligand after thapsigargin treatment resulted in a powerful synergistic modulation of gene expression, which led us to identify new genes and pathways that could be involved in inflammatory responses linked to the Unfolded Protein Response. Key differentially expressed genes in the array also exhibited transcriptional alterations in colonic biopsies from active Ulcerative Colitis patients, including NKG2D ligands and the enzyme HMGCS2. Moreover, functional studies showed altered metabolic responses and epithelial barrier integrity in HMGCS2 deficient cell lines. CONCLUSION We have identified new genes and pathways that are regulated by the Unfolded Protein Response in the context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease including HMGCS2, a gene involved in the metabolism of Short Chain Fatty Acids that may have an important role in intestinal inflammation linked to Endoplasmic Reticulum stress and the resolution of the epithelial damage.This work was supported by grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) from Spain [SAF2016-78711R and PID202-11794 to EM-N and FJC]; Comunidad de Madrid [B2017/BMD-3727 to EMN and FJC]; Comunidad de Madrid (REACT-UE, ANTICIPA-CM Ref. PR38/21-24) to E.M-N and HORIZON-HLTH-2022-STAYHLTH-02 under agreement No 101095679 to FJC the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [ERC-2016- Consolidator Grant 725091 to DS]; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 [PID2019-108157RB to DS]; la Caixa Foundation (ID 100010434) [LCF/BQ/PR20/11770008 to SW]; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) [PI18/00348 to VE]; ISCIII [PI21/01641 to RT-R]; Spanish National Research and Development Plan, ISCIII and FEDER [PI17/02303 and PI20/01837 to SR-P]; Proyecto Desarrollo Tecnológico [DTS19/00111 to SR-P], AEI/MICIU EXPLORA Project [BIO2017-91272-EXP to SR-P]; Programa Estratégico Instituto de Biologıa y Gene ́ ́ tica Molecular (IBGM), Junta de Castilla y León (CCVC8485) [PID2019-104218RB-I00 to DB]; NIH [DK088199 to RB] and Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM 920631) [CT42/ 18-CT43/18 and EB15/21 to BM-A].S