337 research outputs found

    Understanding aroma release from model cheeses by a statistical multiblock approach on oral processing

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    For human beings, the mouth is the first organ to perceive food and the different signalling events associated to food breakdown. These events are very complex and as such, their description necessitates combining different data sets. This study proposed an integrated approach to understand the relative contribution of main food oral processing events involved in aroma release during cheese consumption. In vivo aroma release was monitored on forty eight subjects who were asked to eat four different model cheeses varying in fat content and firmness and flavoured with ethyl propanoate and nonan-2-one. A multiblock partial least square regression was performed to explain aroma release from the different physiological data sets ( masticatory behaviour, bolus rheology, saliva composition and flux, mouth coating and bolus moistening). This statistical approach was relevant to point out that aroma release was mostly explained by masticatory behaviour whatever the cheese and the aroma, with a specific influence of mean amplitude on aroma release after swallowing. Aroma release from the firmer cheeses was explained mainly by bolus rheology. The persistence of hydrophobic compounds in the breath was mainly explained by bolus spreadability, in close relation with bolus moistening. Resting saliva poorly contributed to the analysis whereas the composition of stimulated saliva was negatively correlated with aroma release and mostly for soft cheeses, when significant

    Post-consolidation process for modifying microscale and mesoscale parameters of 3D printed composite materials

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    Advancements in additive manufacturing technology (3D printing) have enabled us to fabricate reasonably good parts using continuous fiber-reinforced matrix composites. Unfortunately, most of these 3D-printed composite parts inherently possess a large number of voids originating from the trapped air within and between molten composite beads during the deposition stage. Removing the voids has thus become a key challenge in attempts to apply 3D printed composite parts for fabricating stiff/strong load-bearing structures. Here, we employed a classical process, viz. compression molding, to post-consolidate 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide (CFPA), and to investigate the implications in terms of microscale parameters (void content) and mesoscale parameters (mechanical properties, plasticity, damage) using matrix-dominated lay-up of [±45]2s. We found that the proposed post-consolidation process could reduce the void of 3D-printed CFPA from 12.2% to 1.8%, enhancing the shear modulus and shear strength by 135% and 116%, respectively. The mesoscale analysis shows that, albeit with less ductility, the post-consolidated CFPA laminate was more resistant to damage than the 3D-printed CFPA. Classical compression molding is thus a promising technique for improving the physical and mechanical performances of 3D-printed composites by reducing inherent void built-ups

    CaractĂ©riser les troubles du comportement alimentaire de l’enfant atteint de dysoralitĂ©

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    Introduction et objectif : DiffĂ©rentes pathologies (mĂ©taboliques, neurologiques, prĂ©maturitĂ©) peuvent nĂ©cessiter le recours Ă  une alimentation artificielle dans les premiers mois de vie. L’absence d’alimentation par voie orale lors de cette pĂ©riode essentielle de la formation du comportement alimentaire, surtout lorsqu’elle est associĂ©e Ă  un traitement invasif (i.e. sonde naso-gastrique), peut s’accompagner de consĂ©quences Ă  long terme sur le comportement alimentaire. L’objectif est de dĂ©velopper un questionnaire Ă©valuant le comportement, les prĂ©fĂ©rences et les habitudes alimentaires d’enfants atteints de dysoralitĂ© (TO), en comparaison avec des enfants sains (STO). MĂ©thode : L’inclusion des TO s’est dĂ©roulĂ©e dans diffĂ©rents hĂŽpitaux (Lyon, Paris et Lille) selon les critĂšres suivants : Ăąge de 2 Ă  8 ans, recours Ă  une alimentation artificielle pendant les 2 premiĂšres annĂ©es de vie pendant au moins 2 mois, alimentation artificielle actuelle >50% des apports caloriques accompagnĂ©e d’une alimentation orale, Des STO de mĂȘme Ăąge, sans pathologie et n’ayant jamais eu recours Ă  une alimentation artificielle ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©s Ă  Paris et Ă  Lyon. Des entretiens ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec les parents (N=8) de TO et avec des psychologues et des orthophonistes pour spĂ©cifier les thĂšmes d’intĂ©rĂȘt. Ils ont permis d’élaborer 2 questionnaires : un comportant 97 questions portant sur le comportement alimentaire (Ă©chelle Ă  5 points) et un questionnaire de frĂ©quence de consommation (6 catĂ©gories) et de prĂ©fĂ©rence (Ă©chelle en 4 points), appliquĂ© Ă  148 aliments regroupĂ©s en 13 catĂ©gories. Ces questionnaires ont Ă©tĂ© approuvĂ©s par le CCTIRS. Les rĂ©ponses des TO et STO ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es par des t-tests (P<0,05) et une analyse en composante principale (ACP) a permis d’évaluer la structure du questionnaire RĂ©sultats : Pour les 2 groupes (TO, N=59, 4,9±2,4 ans ; STO, N=101, 5,2±1,8 ans) des diffĂ©rences significatives ont Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©es pour 67 questions sur 97. Une ACP a portĂ© sur 78 questions : l’axe 1 oppose clairement TO et STO. Les questions ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© regroupĂ©es en diffĂ©rentes dimensions : difficultĂ© pour manger, sensibilitĂ© tactile orale, appĂ©tit, intĂ©rĂȘt pour la nourriture, autonomie, sĂ©lectivitĂ©, sensibilitĂ© Ă  la texture, apprĂ©ciation du goĂ»t sucrĂ©, sensibilitĂ© Ă  la tempĂ©rature. Pour toutes ces dimensions les diffĂ©rences entre TO et STO Ă©taient importantes (P<0,0001). Pour toutes les catĂ©gories d’aliments, les frĂ©quences de consommation et le nombre d’aliments consommĂ©s sont infĂ©rieurs pour les TO que pour les STO. Les TO apprĂ©cient moins toutes les catĂ©gories d’aliments Ă  l’exception des lĂ©gumes, des Ɠufs-abats-charcuterie, des fromages, des condiments-Ă©pices-sauces et des boissons. Conclusion : Ces questionnaires sont utiles Ă  la caractĂ©risation des troubles de l’oralitĂ© des enfants TO. Leur utilisation pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre les consĂ©quences des diffĂ©rents modes d’alimentation artificielle et guider la rĂ©Ă©ducation alimentaire en fonction des prĂ©fĂ©rences. FinancĂ© par l’ANR projet ALIA-ORALISENS

    Research response to coronavirus disease 2019 needed better coordination and collaboration: a living mapping of registered trials

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    Objectives: Researchers worldwide are actively engaging in research activities to search for preventive and therapeutic interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our aim was to describe the planning of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in terms of timing related to the course of the COVID-19 epidemic and research question evaluated. Study Design and Setting: We performed a living mapping of RCTs registered in the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We systematically search the platform every week for all RCTs evaluating preventive interventions and treatments for COVID-19 and created a publicly available interactive mapping tool at https://covid-nma.com to visualize all trials registered. Results: By August 12, 2020, 1,568 trials for COVID-19 were registered worldwide. Overall, the median ([Q1–Q3]; range) delay between the first case recorded in each country and the first RCT registered was 47 days ([33–67]; 15–163). For the 9 countries with the highest number of trials registered, most trials were registered after the peak of the epidemic (from 100% trials in Italy to 38% in the United States). Most trials evaluated treatments (1,333 trials; 85%); only 223 (14%) evaluated preventive strategies and 12 postacute period intervention. A total of 254 trials were planned to assess different regimens of hydroxychloroquine with an expected sample size of 110,883 patients. Conclusion: This living mapping analysis showed that COVID-19 trials have relatively small sample size with certain redundancy in research questions. Most trials were registered when the first peak of the pandemic has passed

    Modaltub et le destin d'une pomme

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    Communication relative Ă  un article du dossier de presse "Microbiote, la rĂ©volution intestinale"Que se passe-t-il lorsque vous croquez une pomme ? Eh bien, vous dĂ©clenchez un processus extrĂȘmement sophistiquĂ© de dĂ©construction de l’aliment. De la mastication Ă  la fermentation dans l’intestin, ses composants, fibres, protĂ©ines, parois cellulaires, sont brisĂ©s de façon Ă  ce que les nutriments puissent passer dans le torrent sanguin et que les dĂ©chets soient Ă©vacuĂ©s. Le projet Modaltub de l’Inra s’est donnĂ© pour but d’étudier les opĂ©rations de cette dĂ©construction des aliments Ă  l’aide de digesteurs artificiels et de modĂšles mathĂ©matiques qui simulent ce qui se passe dans chaque compartiment du systĂšme digestif. DĂ©jĂ , les chercheurs sont parvenus Ă  imiter la bouche, l’estomac et l’intestin grĂȘle. À prĂ©sent, ils veulent s’attaquer au cĂŽlon et crĂ©er un microbiote artificiel. Ainsi, ils pourront mimer la digestion en faisant varier des paramĂštres clĂ©s comme le pH ou le potentiel redox*. En outre, ils pourront Ă©tudier le devenir et l’assimilation des aliments en fonction de leur structure initiale. L’idĂ©e Ă  terme est d’utiliser ces informations pour crĂ©er des simulations informatiques du processus digestif

    Les Cahiers de nutrition et de diĂ©tĂ©tique : les rĂ©sultats de l’enquĂȘte menĂ©e auprĂšs de son lectorat

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    International audienceSection snippetsLe lectorat des CNDIl est constituĂ© en majoritĂ© de chercheurs et enseignants-chercheurs (50 %) suivis de mĂ©decins (20 %), puis de diĂ©tĂ©ticien(ne)s (13 %). La grande majoritĂ© des lecteurs sont abonnĂ©s (80 %), membres de la SFN (80 %) et lisent les CND depuis 5 ans ou plus (80 %).L’avis du lectoratParmi les diffĂ©rentes rubriques proposĂ©es par les CND, le public lit toujours ou trĂšs souvent les articles scientifiques (79 %), les actualitĂ©s (60 %) et l’éditorial (57 %). Quelles que soient les rubriques, leurs contenus sont jugĂ©s en trĂšs grande majoritĂ© (80 %) satisfaisants ou trĂšs satisfaisants.Plus globalement, plus de 90 % des rĂ©pondants ont jugĂ© les CND trĂšs satisfaisants (36 %) ou satisfaisants (58 %). Ces rĂ©ponses constituent un point trĂšs positif et tĂ©moignent de la qualitĂ© et de laLes nouvelles attentesDes attentes ont Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ©es pour les rubriques et les sujets abordĂ©s. Pour les rubriques, 32 % des rĂ©pondants ont souhaitĂ© l’ajout de fiches courtes et pratiques (recommandations nutritionnelles, composition nutritionnelle, aspects diĂ©tĂ©tiques, pratique clinique), d’articles didactiques, de « hot topics ». La mise en place de ce type de rubrique est en cours et devrait arriver sous peu au sein des CND. Pour les sujets et les thĂšmes abordĂ©s, les suggestions furent diverses et trĂšs riches,DĂ©claration de liens d’intĂ©rĂȘtsL’auteur dĂ©clare ne pas avoir de liens d’intĂ©rĂȘt...

    Lipase linguale et détection des lipides

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    Lipase linguale et détection des lipides. Journées francophones de nutrition (JFN

    Unstimulated saliva: background noise in taste molecules

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    Invited review.International audienceSaliva is a highly complex bodily fluid composed of many proteins, peptides, small organic molecules and ions. Saliva is produced and secreted by the major and minor salivary glands to protect the mouth and to participate in digestion. Generally, a distinction is made between unstimulated saliva that is a result of autonomic stimulation and stimulated saliva that is produced during chewing and taste stimulation. The link between saliva and sensory perception can thus be regarded in two ways: the role of unstimulated saliva as a background taste and the mechanistic role of stimulated saliva during eating. Indeed, unstimulated saliva (and its components) is continuously bathing our oral cavity and as such stimulates our taste receptors, thus playing a role in taste sensitivity. However, the role of unstimulated salivary components in mediating taste has been studied only in very few substances. To explore this question, this review attempts to compare data from the literature on unstimulated salivary composition with those on taste sensitivity. The main conclusion centres around the concept that the gustatory self-adaptation phenomenon may be relevant for only a few salivary compounds. Further studies at the level of the salivary Von Ebner glands and salivary pellicle are necessary before arriving at definitive conclusions on this subject

    Food oral processing and interindividual variability in human. Links between physiological parameters, release of sensory stimuli and perception of food.

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    International audienceIn human food oral processing is the first step in the digestive process. It prepares the food to be swallowed and then to undergo the process of digestion. During chewing, the food is comminuted by the combined action of chewing and saliva to form a bolus. The particle size of the bolus is reduced thanks to the action of the tongue and the teeth and the saliva is continuously produced by the salivary glands for humidifying and impregnating the food. Saliva impregnates and lubricates the bowl and also allows cohesion of the particles to prepare the step of swallowing. During food oral processing, the compounds responsible for food flavour and taste are released during this complex process leading to the perception of the food sensory properties and contributing significantly to the acceptability of the product by the consumer. Understanding this process of food breakdown and bolus formation appears thus as a way to revisit food functional properties. However, this process is extremely complex and, as such, its description necessitates to combine many quantities coming from different disciplines i.e. physics, chemistry, physiology, psychology, behavioural science, food science. In this talk, we propose to review through chosen examples the major mechanical, physico-chemical and biochemical phenomena that held in the mouth during chewing of food and their impact on the sensory properties of food. The large interindividual variability observed on these phenomena among the population will be particularly emphasized
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