Perspectivas emergentes en sociología: el espacio de los puntos de vista

El presente monográfico se hace eco de una muestra variada de análisis sobre perspectivas emergentes en el ámbito de la sociología. Si apelamos al significado literal de la palabra'emergente', el diccionario de la RealAcademia define este adjetivo como aquello que emerge (1), que nace, sale y tiene principio de otra cosa (2).Para nuestro propósito, con e1 término perspectivas emergentes se quiere dar expresión a un conjunto variado de cuestiones, fenómenos, vectores, problemas, prácticas o enfoques que están cobrando presencia y relevancia crecientes tanto en e1 desarrollo de nuestras sociedades como en la reflexión sobre las mismas

Las familias valencianas como agentes de salud en la prevención de drogodependencias

Objetivos. Los objetivos de este estudio han sido: 1) conocer las opiniones, actitudes y conductas de las familias sobre la prevención en drogodependencias; 2) establecer tipologías de familias en función de sus opiniones, actitudes y conductas en torno a las drogas. Material y método. El trabajo combina la metodología cuantitativa a través de la encuesta y la metodología cualitativa por medio de entrevistas grupales. La encuesta se ha realizado sobre una muestra representativa de 700 familias de la provincia de Valencia. Para la selección de los participantes en las 6 entrevistas grupales se han empleado dos criterios: el consumo de los padres y las edades de los hijos. Resultados. Para las familias valencianas el primer factor de riesgo y el primer factor de protección están vinculados al entorno familiar. Los comportamientos y actitudes frente a las drogas varían entre los padres y las madres, y en función de si las drogas son legales e ilegales. El papel de las familias como agentes de prevención depende de la edad de los hijos y del consumo de los padres. Las familias muestran un alto interés por estar informadas, en particular en lo que se refiere a cómo detectar y afrontar el posible consumo de los hijos. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la necesidad de que las políticas preventivas contemplen la diversidad de los modelos familiares. Se han establecido dos tipologías de familias según los siguientes criterios: 1) actitudes y conductas en torno al consumo de drogas y 2) actitudes hacia la prevención. Así mismo se constata la necesidad de que los programas preventivos deben adaptarse a la realidad que las familias están viviendo

Actuación administrativa en centros históricos: su efecto en la ciudadanía

La rehabilitación de los centros históricos en núcleos urbanos es uno de los principales retos para los gobiernos locales y sus ciudadanos. En este sentido hay dos aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta: el entorno cultural y el social. El cultural a causa de la pérdida de la memoria histórica, el social a causa de los graves problemas derivados del deterioro del área. En nuestra investigación hemos comprobado que el centro histórico de Valencia ha sufrido una gran pérdida de población. La población que permanece en dicho centro ha experimentado una gran pérdida en su calidad de vida. En el caso que hemos estudiado a pesar de que el gobierno local en sus planes de rehabilitación muestra una clara preocupación social, los derechos de los residentes no son tomados en cuenta en su totalidad y como consecuencia estos derechos son a menudo socavados.The rehabilitation of historical centres in urban settings is one of the main challenges for local governments and their citizens. There are two main aspects to be taken into account: the cultural and the social environment. Cultural because of the loss of the historical memories, social because of the grave problems attached to the deterioration of the area. In our research we have found that the historic centre of Valencia has suffered a great loss of population. The remaining population has been experimenting a loss in the quality of life. The case we have studied in spite of the fact that the local government plans to improve the area have a clear social aim, the rights of the residents have not been taken care of and as a consequence these rights have often been undermined

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Sobre la supuesta neutralidad del espacio urbano

Las ciudades contemporáneas están compuestas por un conglomerado tremendamente diverso de grupos sociales. La nacionalidad, la etnia o la edad generan poderosos argumentos desde los que construir ciudad de los «diferentes». Pero cuestión del género es, sin duda, que puede alegar un nivel de legitimidad superior: afecta al cincuenta por ciento de población y es la categoría que más incide en la segregación urbana. Este artículo pretende analizar la realidad diferenciada que hombres y mujeres viven en la ciudad, tratando de desenmascarar la supuesta neutralidad del espacio urbano. (A