1,610 research outputs found
Le territoire comme un systÚme complexe : de la représentation... à l'action.
International audienceThe territory is a system, and must be placed at the heart of the complexity that characterizes it. Basically dynamic, the territories therefore evolve under the influence of internal components, actors, using, shaping and managing the geographic space, thus multiplying the objects through four basic functions (appropriate, dwell, produce, exchange) while the geographical space brings constraints and amenities in a continuous feedback loop which is influenced additionally by so-called external elements. Addressed systemically, the concept of territory defined so, becomes an intellectual and technical support to link qualitative and graphical tools (timeline, top-down hierarchical approach, causal graph) or quantitative (databases, GIS, etc.). through a series of questions. Their mobilization will allow, in many sequences, to structure a set of data and information that will form the basis of territorial intelligence for a given project. We propose an approach aimed at understanding the relationship between actors and objects by the demonstration of territorial practices. Hence from the combination of approaches arise information, knowledge that will help decision-making for a better use, developing and managing of geographic areas through the development of decision support tools that form the basis of territorial intelligence, to move from planning to action through the territorial intelligence. This presentation is therefore organized in two steps: 1) To recognize the territory as a system using a simple matrix approach, 2) To recall the relational aspect of information through concrete examples of stakeholders' support in understanding their territory to conclude on the current shortfall in terms of geographic information.Le territoire est un systĂšme, et doit ĂȘtre replacĂ© au cĆur de la complexitĂ© qui le caractĂ©rise. Fondamentalement dynamiques, les territoires Ă©voluent donc sous l'influence de leurs Ă©lĂ©ments internes, les acteurs, qui utilisent, amĂ©nagent et gĂšrent l'espace gĂ©ographique, multipliant ainsi les objets au travers de quatre fonctions Ă©lĂ©mentaires (approprier, habiter, produire, Ă©changer), tandis que l'espace gĂ©ographique leur renvoie contraintes et amĂ©nitĂ©s, en une boucle de rĂ©troaction ininterrompue qu'influence de surcroĂźt des Ă©lĂ©ments dits externes. AbordĂ© de maniĂšre systĂ©mique, le concept de territoire ainsi dĂ©fini, constitue un support intellectuel et technique afin de lier des outils qualitatifs et graphiques (frise temporelle, approche hiĂ©rarchique descendante, graphe causal), ou quantitatifs (bases de donnĂ©es, SIG, etc.) par le biais d'un ensemble de questionnements. Leur mobilisation va permettre, en plusieurs temps, de structurer un ensemble de donnĂ©es et d'informations qui vont constituer le socle de l'intelligence territoriale autour d'un projet donnĂ©. Nous proposons une approche afin de comprendre le lien entre acteurs et objets en explicitant les pratiques des territoires. Ainsi de la combinaison des approches naissent l'information, la connaissance, qui vont permettre d'aider Ă la dĂ©cision afin de mieux utiliser, amĂ©nager et gĂ©rer des espaces gĂ©ographiques en Ă©laborant des outils d'aide Ă la dĂ©cision qui constituent le socle de l'intelligence territoriale, pour passer de l'amĂ©nagement Ă l'action par le biais de l'intelligence territoriale. Cette prĂ©sentation s'organise donc en deux temps : 1) Poser le territoire comme un systĂšme en utilisant une approche matricielle simple ; 2) Revenir sur la mise en relation des informations au travers d'exemples concrets d'accompagnement d'acteurs dans la comprĂ©hension de leur territoire pour conclure sur l'insuffisance actuelle en matiĂšre d'information gĂ©ographique
" Oser 70 " une nouvelle approche de l'action territoriale
Oser 70 (Observatoire socio économique en réseau de la Haute- SaÎne) est un outil qui permet aux acteurs territoriaux d'accéder efficacement et en temps réel à l'information spatiale. Mis en place par le Conseil général de Haute-SaÎne, son élaboration a été entreprise pour permettre aux élus et aux techniciens des organismes locaux de bien cibler les informations dont ils ont besoin puis de le aider à les acquéri
BIRDS AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN MEDITERRANEAN RIPARIAN AREAS: Bird studies in the RIPIDURABLE project
RIPIDURABLE is an INTERREG IIIC European Program involving 10 partners from Portugal, Spain, France and Greece. Scientists, technicians and local/regional authorities worked together to integrate knowledge, knowhow and practice, towards a rational conservation management of riparian zones. Birds can be used to characterize ecosystems, to monitor environmental changes or to assess results of restoration measures. We have conducted field surveys in order to assess breeding bird communities associated to riparian galleries in several
watercourses, including issues as the relation with natural vegetation profiles, the influence of the surrounding
matrix, the evolution with time or with habitat degradation, the effects of rehabilitation measures, and/or the
importance of riparian galleries as ecological corridors for birds. Surveys at different space and time scales were
carried out using standardised point count methods, on 8 watercourses in Portugal and France. We focused on different aspects of riparian breeding bird community variation: along a decreasing gradient of vegetal
complexity (Tagus Basin), along an upstream-downstream gradient (Allier), with different surrounding landscapes (Sado, Guadiana and Tagus Basin), with time (Alcåçovas at a 10 years interval, Allier at 16 years
interval), with management status (Vidourle), with time & management status (RhĂŽne delta at a 12 years intervals), before & after river rehabilitation (Gandum). In addition we studied the dispersal of Barn Owls from upper Tagus Estuary along riparian corridors (TytoTagus Project), and also the importance of riparian habitats of the Guadiana basin on the autumn migration of trans-Saharan birds across the Iberian Peninsula. The RIPIDURABLE project offered the opportunity for further research currently included in national programs such as the Plan Loire Grandeur Nature which allows long term studies on riparian birds. Herein we briefly present some of the preliminary results of the bird studies carried out by partners from Portugal and France
Effective action and the quantum equation of motion
We carefully analyse the use of the effective action in dynamical problems,
in particular the conditions under which the equation \frac{\delta \Ga}
{\delta \phi}=0 can be used as a quantum equation of motion, and the relation
between the asymptotic states involved in the definition of \Ga and the
initial state of the system. By considering the quantum mechanical example of a
double-well potential, where we can get exact results for the time evolution of
the system, we show that an approximation to the effective potential in the
quantum equation of motion that correctly describes the dynamical evolution of
the system is obtained with the help of the wilsonian RG equation (already at
the lowest order of the derivative expansion), while the commonly used one-loop
effective potential fails to reproduce the exact results.Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures. Revised version to appear in The European
Physical Journal
Enteric Delivery of Regenerating Family Member 3 alpha Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Controls Inflammation in Mice With Colitis
Background & Aims Paneth cell dysfunction causes deficiencies in intestinal C-type lectins and antimicrobial peptides, which leads to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, alters the mucosal barrier, and promotes development of inflammatory bowel diseases. We investigated whether transgenic (TG) expression of the human regenerating family member 3 alpha gene ( REG3A ) alters the fecal microbiota and affects development of colitis in mice. Methods We performed studies with C57BL/6 mice that express human regenerating family member 3 alpha (hREG3A) in hepatocytes, via the albumin gene promoter. In these mice, hREG3A travels via the bile to the intestinal lumen. Some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. Feces were collected from mice and the composition of the microbiota was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The fecal microbiome was also analyzed from mice that express only 1 copy of human REG3A transgene but were fed feces from control mice (not expressing hREG3A) as newborns. Mice expressing hREG3A were monitored for DSS-induced colitis after cohousing or feeding feces from control mice. Colitis was induced in another set of control and hREG3A-TG mice by administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; some mice were given intrarectal injections of the hREG3A protein. Colon tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry to detect mucin 2, as well as by 16S ribosomal RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, transcriptional analyses, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial cultures and fecal microbiota using 2âČ,7âČ-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and flow cytometry. Results The fecal microbiota of mice that express hREG3A had a significant shift in composition, compared with control mice, with enrichment of Clostridiales (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) and depletion of Bacteroidetes (Prevotellaceae); the TG mice developed less-severe colitis following administration of DSS than control mice, associated with preserved gut barrier integrity and reduced bacterial translocation, epithelial inflammation, and oxidative damage. A similar shift in the composition of the fecal microbiota occurred after a few months in TG mice heterozygous for REG3A that harbored a wild-type maternal microbiota at birth; these mice developed less-severe forms of colitis following DSS administration. Cohoused and germ-free mice fed feces from REG3A- TG mice and given DSS developed less-severe forms of colitis and had reduced lipopolysaccharide activation of the toll-like receptor 4 and increased survival times compared with mice not fed feces from REG3A -TG mice. REG3A TG mice developed only mild colonic inflammation after exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, compared with control mice. Control mice given intrarectal hREG3A and exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid showed less colon damage and inflammation than mice not given intrarectal hREG3A. Fecal samples from REG3A- TG mice had lower levels of ROS than feces from control mice during DSS administration. Addition of hREG3A to bacterial cultures reduced levels of ROS and increased survival of oxygen-sensitive commensal bacteria ( Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia intestinalis ). Conclusions Mice with hepatocytes that express hREG3A, which travels to the intestinal lumen, are less sensitive to colitis than control mice. We found hREG3A to alter the colonic microbiota by decreasing levels of ROS. Fecal microbiota from REG3A -TG mice protect non-TG mice from induction of colitis. These findings indicate a role for reduction of oxidative stress in preserving the gut microbiota and its ability to prevent inflammation
Multiplicity dependence of jet-like two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV
Two-particle angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger and
associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a
nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The transverse-momentum
range 0.7 5.0 GeV/ is examined,
to include correlations induced by jets originating from low
momen\-tum-transfer scatterings (minijets). The correlations expressed as
associated yield per trigger particle are obtained in the pseudorapidity range
. The near-side long-range pseudorapidity correlations observed in
high-multiplicity p-Pb collisions are subtracted from both near-side
short-range and away-side correlations in order to remove the non-jet-like
components. The yields in the jet-like peaks are found to be invariant with
event multiplicity with the exception of events with low multiplicity. This
invariance is consistent with the particles being produced via the incoherent
fragmentation of multiple parton--parton scatterings, while the yield related
to the previously observed ridge structures is not jet-related. The number of
uncorrelated sources of particle production is found to increase linearly with
multiplicity, suggesting no saturation of the number of multi-parton
interactions even in the highest multiplicity p-Pb collisions. Further, the
number scales in the intermediate multiplicity region with the number of binary
nucleon-nucleon collisions estimated with a Glauber Monte-Carlo simulation.Comment: 23 pages, 6 captioned figures, 1 table, authors from page 17,
published version, figures at
http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/161
Multi-particle azimuthal correlations in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
Measurements of multi-particle azimuthal correlations (cumulants) for charged
particles in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions are presented. They help address the
question of whether there is evidence for global, flow-like, azimuthal
correlations in the p-Pb system. Comparisons are made to measurements from the
larger Pb-Pb system, where such evidence is established. In particular, the
second harmonic two-particle cumulants are found to decrease with multiplicity,
characteristic of a dominance of few-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions.
However, when a gap is placed to suppress such correlations,
the two-particle cumulants begin to rise at high-multiplicity, indicating the
presence of global azimuthal correlations. The Pb-Pb values are higher than the
p-Pb values at similar multiplicities. In both systems, the second harmonic
four-particle cumulants exhibit a transition from positive to negative values
when the multiplicity increases. The negative values allow for a measurement of
to be made, which is found to be higher in Pb-Pb collisions at
similar multiplicities. The second harmonic six-particle cumulants are also
found to be higher in Pb-Pb collisions. In Pb-Pb collisions, we generally find
which is indicative of a Bessel-Gaussian
function for the distribution. For very high-multiplicity Pb-Pb
collisions, we observe that the four- and six-particle cumulants become
consistent with 0. Finally, third harmonic two-particle cumulants in p-Pb and
Pb-Pb are measured. These are found to be similar for overlapping
multiplicities, when a gap is placed.Comment: 25 pages, 11 captioned figures, 3 tables, authors from page 20,
published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/87
Inclusive photon production at forward rapidities in proton-proton collisions at = 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV
See paper for full list of authors â 24 pages, 10 captioned figures, 4 tables, authors from page 19, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/1024International audienceThe multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of inclusive photons have been measured at forward rapidities () in proton-proton collisions at three center-of-mass energies, , 2.76 and 7 TeV using the ALICE detector. It is observed that the increase in the average photon multiplicity as a function of beam energy is compatible with both a logarithmic and a power-law dependence. The relative increase in average photon multiplicity produced in inelastic pp collisions at 2.76 and 7 TeV center-of-mass energies with respect to 0.9 TeV are 37.2% 0.3% (stat) 8.8% (sys) and 61.2% 0.3% (stat) 7.6% (sys), respectively. The photon multiplicity distributions for all center-of-mass energies are well described by negative binomial distributions. The multiplicity distributions are also presented in terms of KNO variables. The results are compared to model predictions, which are found in general to underestimate the data at large photon multiplicities, in particular at the highest center-of-mass energy. Limiting fragmentation behavior of photons has been explored with the data, but is not observed in the measured pseudorapidity range
Genetic polymorphisms of MMP1, MMP3 and MMP7 gene promoter and risk of colorectal adenoma
BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been shown to play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC). More recently, MMP1, MMP3 and MMP7 functional gene promoter polymorphisms have been found to be associated with CRC occurrence and prognosis. To document the role of MMP polymorphisms in the early step of colorectal carcinogenesis, we investigated their association with colorectal adenoma risk in a case-control study comprising 295 patients with large adenomas (LA), 302 patients with small adenomas (SA) and 568 polyp-free (PF) controls. METHODS: Patients were genotyped using automated fragment analysis for MMP1 -1607 ins/del G and MMP3 -1612 ins/delA (MMP3.1) polymorphisms and allelic discrimination assay for MMP3 -709 A/G (MMP3.2) and MMP7 -181 A/G polymorphisms. Association between MMP genotypes and colorectal adenomas was first tested for each polymorphism separately and then for combined genotypes using the combination test. Adjustment on relevant variables and estimation of odds ratios were performed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: No association was observed between the polymorphisms and LA when compared to PF or SA. When comparing SA to PF controls, analysis revealed a significant association between MMP3 -1612 ins/delA polymorphism and SA with an increased risk associated with the 6A/6A genotype (OR = 1.67, 95%CI: 1.20â2.34). Using the combination test, the best association was found for MMP3.1-MMP1 (p = 0.001) with an OR of 1.88 (95%CI: 1.08â3.28) for the combined genotype 2G/2G-6A/6A estimated by logistic regression. CONCLUSION: These data show a relation between MMP1 -1607 ins/del G and MMP3 -1612 ins/delA combined polymorphisms and risk of SA, suggesting their potential role in the early steps of colorectal carcinogenesis
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