Changes in dip and frictional properties of the basal detachment controlling orogenic wedge propagation and frontal collapse: the External central Betics case

Thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs) have been extensively studied through both field examples and modelling. The overall dynamics of FTBs are, therefore, well understood. One less understood aspect is the combined influence of across-strike changes in the detachment properties and the basement topography on the behaviour of an orogenic wedge. In this paper, we use field data together with reflection seismic interpretation from the External Zones of the Central Betics FTB, S Spain, to identify a significant increase in the wedge basal dip (a basement "threshold") coinciding with the pinch-out of a weak substrate. This induced both changes to the wedge geometry and to the basal friction, which in turn influenced the wedge dynamics. The changing dynamics led to a transient “stagnation” of the FTB propagation, topographic build-up and subsequent collapse of the FTB front. This in turn fed an important Langhian depocenter made up of mass transport deposits. Coevally with the FTB propagation, extension took place both parallel and perpendicular to the orogenic trend. This case study illustrates how across-strike changes in wedge basal properties can control the detailed behaviour of a developing FTB front, but questions remain regarding the time-space interaction and relative importance of the basal parameters

Arc-parallel vs back-arc extension in the Western Gibraltar arc : is the Gibraltar forearc still active?

Extremely tight arcs, framed within the Eurasia-Africa convergence region, developed during the Neogene on both sides of the western Mediterranean. A complex interplate deformation zone has been invoked to explain their structural trend-line patterns, the shortening directions and the development of back-arc basins. Updated structural and kinematic maps, combined with earthquake data covering the complete hinge zone of the western Gibraltar arc help us to explore the mode of strain partitioning from 25My ago to present. During the Miocene, the strain partitioning pattern showed arc-perpendicular shortening in the active orogenic wedge -assessed from the radial pattern of tectonic transport directions- accompained by subhorizontal stretching. Structures accommodating stretching fall into two categories on the basis of their space distribution and their relationships with the structural trend-line pattern: i) arc-parallel stretching structures in the external wedge (mainly normal faults and conjugate strike-slip faults); and ii) extensional faults developed in the hinterland zone in which transport directions are centripetal towards the Alborán back-arc basin. Pliocene to Recent deformational structures together with focal solutions from crustal earthquakes (n=167; 1.

Cucumis metuliferus is resistant to root-knot nematode Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent populations and a promising melon rootstock

[EN] Pot experiments were carried out to characterize the response of two Cucumis metuliferus accessions against (a)virulent Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita or M. javanica populations, to Mi1.2 gene and to determine the compatibility and the effect on physicochemical properties of cantaloupe melon. In addition, histopathological studies were conducted. Plants were inoculated in 200 cm3 -pots with 1 J2 cm-3 24 of soil containing sterilized sand a week after transplanting and maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ºC for 40 days. The susceptible cucumber cv. Dasher II or melon cv. Paloma were included for comparison. The number of egg masses and number of eggs per plant were assessed, and the reproduction index (RI) was calculated as the percentage of eggs produced on the C. metuliferus accessions respect those produced on the susceptible cultivars. The compatibility and fruit quality was assessed grafting three scions (two of Charentais type) and one of type Piel de Sapo under commercial greenhouse conditions. The resistance level of both C. metuliferus accessions ranged from highly (RI < 1%) to resistant (1% ¿RI ¿ 10%) irrespective of Meloidogyne populations. Melon plants grafted onto C. metuliferus accession BGV11135 grew as selfgrafted plants and did not modify negatively fruit quality traits. Giant cells induced by RKN on C. metuliferus were mostly poor developed compared to those on cucumber. Furthermore, necrotic areas surrounding the nematode were observed. C. metuliferus accession BGV11135 could be a promising melon rootstock to manage Meloidogyne spp. irrespective of its (a)virulent Mi1.2 condition without melon fruit quality reduction.This work was supported by AGL2013-49040-C2-1-R, and AGL2014-53398-C2-2-R projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and cofounded with FEDER Funds. The authors would like to thank Semillas Fito for providing melon cv. Paloma, Dr Christine Vos (Scientia Terrae Research Institute) for her English revision and critical comments of the manuscript and Dr Nuria Escudero (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya) for her support and critical comments on the manuscript.Expósito, A.; Munera, M.; Giné, A.; López Gómez, M.; Cáceres-Burbano, A.; Picó Sirvent, MB.; Gisbert Domenech, MC.... (2018). Cucumis metuliferus is resistant to root-knot nematode Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent populations and a promising melon rootstock. Plant Pathology. 67:1161-1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12815S1161116767Cortada, L., Sorribas, F. J., Ornat, C., Kaloshian, I., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2008). Variability in infection and reproduction ofMeloidogyne javanicaon tomato rootstocks with theMiresistance gene. Plant Pathology, 57(6), 1125-1135. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01906.xDavis, A. R., Perkins-Veazie, P., Hassell, R., Levi, A., King, S. R., & Zhang, X. (2008). Grafting Effects on Vegetable Quality. HortScience, 43(6), 1670-1672. doi:10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1670Devran, Z., & Söğüt, M. A. (2010). Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38(3), 245-251. doi:10.1007/s12600-010-0103-yDjian-Caporalino, C., Palloix, A., Fazari, A., Marteu, N., Barbary, A., Abad, P., … Castagnone-Sereno, P. (2014). Pyramiding, alternating or mixing: comparative performances of deployment strategies of nematode resistance genes to promote plant resistance efficiency and durability. BMC Plant Biology, 14(1), 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-53Giné, A., & Sorribas, F. J. (2016). Effect of plant resistance and BioAct WG (Purpureocillium lilacinumstrain 251) onMeloidogyne incognitain a tomato-cucumber rotation in a greenhouse. Pest Management Science, 73(5), 880-887. doi:10.1002/ps.4357Giné, A., & Sorribas, F. J. (2017). Quantitative approach for the early detection of selection for virulence of Meloidogyne incognita on resistant tomato in plastic greenhouses. Plant Pathology, 66(8), 1338-1344. doi:10.1111/ppa.12679Giné, A., López-Gómez, M., Vela, M. D., Ornat, C., Talavera, M., Verdejo-Lucas, S., & Sorribas, F. J. (2014). Thermal requirements and population dynamics of root-knot nematodes on cucumber and yield losses under protected cultivation. Plant Pathology, 63(6), 1446-1453. doi:10.1111/ppa.12217Giné, A., González, C., Serrano, L., & Sorribas, F. J. (2017). Population dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber grafted onto the Cucurbita hybrid RS841 or ungrafted and yield losses under protected cultivation. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 148(4), 795-805. doi:10.1007/s10658-016-1135-zGisbert C Sorribas FJ Martínez EM Gammoudi N Bernat G Picó B 2014 Grafting melons onto potential Cucumis spp. rootstocks http://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/27982/Grafting%20melons.pdf?sequence=1Gisbert, C., Gammoudi, N., Munera, M., Giné, A., Pocurull, M., Sorribas, F. J., & Picó, M. B. (2017). Evaluation of two potentialCucumisspp. resources for grafting melons. Acta Horticulturae, (1151), 157-162. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2017.1151.25Guan, W., Zhao, X., Dickson, D. W., Mendes, M. L., & Thies, J. (2014). Root-knot Nematode Resistance, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Specialty Melons Grafted onto Cucumis metulifer. HortScience, 49(8), 1046-1051. doi:10.21273/hortsci.49.8.1046Hadisoeganda, W. W. (1982). Resistance of Tomato, Bean, Southern Pea, and Garden Pea Cultivars to Root-Knot Nematodes Based on Host Suitability. Plant Disease, 66(1), 145. doi:10.1094/pd-66-145Lee, J.-M., & Oda, M. (2010). Grafting of Herbaceous Vegetable and Ornamental Crops. Horticultural Reviews, 61-124. doi:10.1002/9780470650851.ch2Leonardi, C., Kyriacou, M. C., Gisbert, C., Oztekin, G. B., Mourão, I., & Rouphael, Y. (s. f.). Quality of grafted vegetables. Vegetable grafting: principles and practices, 216-244. doi:10.1079/9781780648972.0216Liu, B., Ren, J., Zhang, Y., An, J., Chen, M., Chen, H., … Ren, H. (2014). A new grafted rootstock against root-knot nematode for cucumber, melon, and watermelon. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(1), 251-259. doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0234-5López-Gómez, M., Gine, A., Vela, M. D., Ornat, C., Sorribas, F. J., Talavera, M., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2014). Damage functions and thermal requirements ofMeloidogyne javanicaandMeloidogyne incognitaon watermelon. Annals of Applied Biology, 165(3), 466-473. doi:10.1111/aab.12154López-Gómez, M., Flor-Peregrín, E., Talavera, M., Sorribas, F. J., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2015). Population dynamics of Meloidogyne javanica and its relationship with the leaf chlorophyll content in zucchini. Crop Protection, 70, 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.12.015López-Gómez, M., Talavera, M., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2015). Differential reproduction ofMeloidogyne incognitaandM. javanicain watermelon cultivars and cucurbit rootstocks. Plant Pathology, 65(1), 145-153. doi:10.1111/ppa.12394Omwega, C. O. (1988). A Nondestructive Technique for Screening Bean Germ Plasm for Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Disease, 72(11), 970. doi:10.1094/pd-72-0970Ornat, C., Verdejo-Lucas, S., & Sorribas, F. J. (2001). A Population of Meloidogyne javanica in Spain Virulent to the Mi Resistance Gene in Tomato. Plant Disease, 85(3), 271-276. doi:10.1094/pdis.2001.85.3.271Seinhorst, J. W. (1965). The Relation Between Nematode Density and Damage To Plants. Nematologica, 11(1), 137-154. doi:10.1163/187529265x00582Sikora, R. A., & Fernández, E. (s. f.). Nematode parasites of vegetables. Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture, 319-392. doi:10.1079/9780851997278.0319Sorribas, F. J., Ornat, C., Verdejo-Lucas, S., Galeano, M., & Valero, J. (2005). Effectiveness and profitability of the Mi-resistant tomatoes to control root-knot nematodes. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 111(1), 29-38. doi:10.1007/s10658-004-1982-xSoteriou, G. A., Kyriacou, M. C., Siomos, A. S., & Gerasopoulos, D. (2014). Evolution of watermelon fruit physicochemical and phytochemical composition during ripening as affected by grafting. Food Chemistry, 165, 282-289. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.120Talavera, M., Verdejo-Lucas, S., Ornat, C., Torres, J., Vela, M. D., Macias, F. J., … Sorribas, F. J. (2009). Crop rotations with Mi gene resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars for management of root-knot nematodes in plastic houses. Crop Protection, 28(8), 662-667. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2009.03.015Talavera, M., Sayadi, S., Chirosa-Ríos, M., Salmerón, T., Flor-Peregrín, E., & Verdejo-Lucas, S. (2012). Perception of the impact of root-knot nematode-induced diseases in horticultural protected crops of south-eastern Spain. Nematology, 14(5), 517-527. doi:10.1163/156854112x635850Thies, J. A., Ariss, J. J., Hassell, R. L., Olson, S., Kousik, C. S., & Levi, A. (2010). Grafting for Management of Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in Watermelon. Plant Disease, 94(10), 1195-1199. doi:10.1094/pdis-09-09-0640Trionfetti Nisini, P., Colla, G., Granati, E., Temperini, O., Crinò, P., & Saccardo, F. (2002). Rootstock resistance to fusarium wilt and effect on fruit yield and quality of two muskmelon cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 93(3-4), 281-288. doi:10.1016/s0304-4238(01)00335-1Tzortzakakis, E. A., Adam, M. A. M., Blok, V. C., Paraskevopoulos, C., & Bourtzis, K. (2005). Occurrence of Resistance-breaking Populations of Root-knot Nematodes on Tomato in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 113(1), 101-105. doi:10.1007/s10658-005-1228-6Verdejo-Lucas, S., Cortada, L., Sorribas, F. J., & Ornat, C. (2009). Selection of virulent populations ofMeloidogyne javanicaby repeated cultivation ofMiresistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions. Plant Pathology, 58(5), 990-998. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02089.xVerdejo-Lucas, S., Talavera, M., & Andrés, M. F. (2012). Virulence response to the Mi.1 gene of Meloidogyne populations from tomato in greenhouses. Crop Protection, 39, 97-105. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.03.025WHITEHEAD, A. G., & HEMMING, J. R. (1965). A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55(1), 25-38. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1965.tb07864.xYe, D.-Y., Qi, Y.-H., Cao, S.-F., Wei, B.-Q., & Zhang, H.-S. (2017). Histopathology combined with transcriptome analyses reveals the mechanism of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Cucumis metuliferus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 212, 115-124. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.002Donkers-Venne, D. T. H. M., Fargette, M., & Zijlstra, C. (2000). Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2(8), 847-853. doi:10.1163/15685410075011279

Shortwave radiative forcing and efficiency of key aerosol types using AERONET data

The shortwave radiative forcing (&amp;Delta;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;) and the radiative forcing efficiency (&amp;Delta;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;eff&lt;/sup&gt;) of natural and anthropogenic aerosols have been analyzed using estimates of radiation both at the Top (TOA) and at the Bottom Of Atmosphere (BOA) modeled based on AERONET aerosol retrievals. Six main types of atmospheric aerosols have been compared (desert mineral dust, biomass burning, urban-industrial, continental background, oceanic and free troposphere) in similar observational conditions (i.e., for solar zenith angles between 55&amp;deg; and 65&amp;deg;) in order to compare the nearly same solar geometry. The instantaneous &amp;Delta;&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt; averages obtained vary from −122 ± 37 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; (aerosol optical depth, AOD, at 0.55 μm, 0.85 ± 0.45) at the BOA for the mixture of desert mineral dust and biomass burning aerosols in West Africa and −42 ± 22 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; (AOD = 0.9 ± 0.5) at the TOA for the pure mineral dust also in this region up to −6 ± 3 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; and −4 ± 2 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; (AOD = 0.03 ± 0.02) at the BOA and the TOA, respectively, for free troposphere conditions. This last result may be taken as reference on a global scale. Furthermore, we observe that the more absorbing aerosols are overall more efficient at the BOA in contrast to at the TOA, where they backscatter less solar energy into the space. The analysis of the radiative balance at the TOA shows that, together with the amount of aerosols and their absorptive capacity, it is essential to consider the surface albedo of the region on which they are. Thus, we document that in regions with high surface reflectivity (deserts and snow conditions) atmospheric aerosols lead to a warming of the Earth-atmosphere system

Autonomous on-board data processing and instrument calibration software for the SO/PHI

The extension of on-board data processing capabilities is an attractive option to reduce telemetry for scientific instruments on deep space missions. The challenges that this presents, however, require a comprehensive software system, which operates on the limited resources a data processing unit in space allows. We implemented such a system for the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on-board the Solar Orbiter (SO) spacecraft. It ensures autonomous operation to handle long command-response times, easy changing of the processes after new lessons have been learned and meticulous book-keeping of all operations to ensure scientific accuracy. This contribution presents the requirements and main aspects of the software implementation, followed by an example of a task implemented in the software frame, and results from running it on SO/PHI. The presented example shows that the different parts of the software framework work well together, and that the system processes data as we expect. The flexibility of the framework makes it possible to use it as a baseline for future applications with similar needs and limitations as SO/PHI.Comment: Conference: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentatio, Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy

Evidencias arqueológicas de desplomes paramentales traumáticos en las Termas Marítimas de Baelo Claudia. Reflexiones arqueosismológicas

Durante los años 2011 a 2013 se han localizado, identificado y excavado parcialmente los restos de un nuevo complejo termal en la ciudad hispanorromana de Baelo Claudia (Tarifa, Cádiz), situado en el suburbium occidental de la ciudad, junto a la línea de costa. Denominadas Termas Marítimas, construidas en la primera mitad del s. II d.C. y abandonadas en época de Diocleciano/Constantino han sido excavadas estratigráficamente con detalle, habiéndose detectado la existencia de fases anteriores (que se remontan al s. II a.C.) y una continuidad de uso del ambiente en época tardorromana y moderna, vinculada con la explotación de los recursos marinos. Especialmente singular ha sido la constatación del desplome traumático de parte de los paramentos de las habitaciones del edificio en dos momentos concretos: por un lado en la Antigüedad Tardía (500 d.C. circa), ya que una unidad muraria de una de las habitaciones (H-3), anexa a la natatio, se localizó completamente derrumbada sobre el suelo, conexionada; y por otro, el desplome del muro oeste de la natatio y el oriental de la cisterna, estructuras de más de seis metros de longitud y cuatro de altura mínima conservada, desplomadas sobre los niveles de abandono del asentamiento en época bajomedieval o moderna (ss. XIV-XV d.C.). Se trata en ambas ocasiones de colapsos estructurales no habituales en circunstancias normales en los procesos de sedimentación arqueológica, por lo que es muy probable que su desplome se pueda vincular con eventos sísmicos u otras causas naturales similare

Human-carnivore relations: conflicts, tolerance and coexistence in the American West

Carnivore and humans live in proximity due to carnivore recovery efforts and ongoing human encroachment into carnivore habitats globally. The American West is a region that uniquely exemplifies these human-carnivore dynamics, however, it is unclear how the research community here integrates social and ecological factors to examine human-carnivore relations. Therefore, strategies promoting human-carnivore coexistence are urgently needed. We conducted a systematic review on human-carnivore relations in the American West covering studies between 2000 and 2018. We first characterized human-carnivore relations across states of the American West. Second, we analyzed similarities and dissimilarities across states in terms of coexistence, tolerance, number of ecosystem services and conflicts mentioned in literature. Third, we used Bayesian modeling to quantify the effect of social and ecological factors influencing the scientific interest on coexistence, tolerance, ecosystem services and conflicts. Results revealed some underlying biases in human-carnivore relations research. Colorado and Montana were the states where the highest proportion of studies were conducted with bears and wolves the most studied species. Non-lethal management was the most common strategy to mitigate conflicts. Overall, conflicts with carnivores were much more frequently mentioned than benefits. We found similarities among Arizona, California, Utah, and New Mexico according to how coexistence, tolerance, services and conflicts are addressed in literature. We identified percentage of federal/private land, carnivore family, social actors, and management actions, as factors explaining how coexistence, tolerance, conflicts and services are addressed in literature. We provide a roadmap to foster tolerance towards carnivores and successful coexistence strategies in the American West based on four main domains, (1) the dual role of carnivores as providers of both beneficial and detrimental contributions to people, (2) social-ecological factors underpinning the provision of beneficial and detrimental contributions, (3) the inclusion of diverse actors, and (4) cross-state collaborative management