Improving SMES competitiveness reinforcing interorganisational networks in industrial clusters

Drawing on a social network approach this paper proposes a methodology that helps with the empowerment and development of interorganisational networks in clusters. Paper emphasizes the necessity of establishing relationships with other firms and external agents in order to empower the creation and diffusion of knowledge, through factors such as innovation. The aim of the proposed methodology is to know how required knowledge should be located and diffused to identify the opportunities motivating the creation of particular interorganisational networks. Similarly, it is also important to know how to determine which agents might to take advantage of these opportunities creating networks

Influence of the dimensions of the absorptive capacity in the development of new products in a context of industrial district: an empirical study to the case of the Valencian textile

El presente trabajo integra diversas perspectivas vinculadas a la competitividad empresarial como son la innovación, el territorio y la capacidad de absorción. Hemos pretendido contrastar el efecto de la capacidad de absorción sobre la innovación, dentro de un contexto de distrito industrial, donde el proceso innovador se ve afectado por unas condiciones específicas de acceso, asimilación y explotación de los recursos de conocimiento. Hemos estudiado la población de empresas que forman parte del distrito textil valenciano. Como principales conclusiones observamos que las exterioridades que la empresa recibe en forma de conocimiento, provenientes del entorno en que opera, junto a las habilidades necesarias, en nuestro caso las dimensiones particulares de la capacidad de absorción, benefician el desarrollo de la innovación en la empresaThis research reunites some fundamental aspects for firms’ competitiveness: innovation, territory and absorptive capacity. The objective of this research consists of studying how the absorptive capacity influences the innovation process, centering on the context of an industrial district, where the innovation process is affected by specific access, assimilation and knowledge resource exploitation conditions. We have studying the total population of companies that make up the Valencia textile district. We have found the following main conclusions: The externalities that the company receives in the form of knowledge originating from the environment in which it operates along with the necessary abilities, in our case the particular dimensions of the absorptive capacity, benefit the development of innovation in the compan

La heterogeneidad dimensional de los distritos industriales. Un estudio longitudinal del caso español

In this paper we study the evolution over the period 1996 to 2007 of the dimensional heterogeneity of the firms located in spanish industrial districts. the results confirm the presence of a district model with an increasingly heterogeneous structure, although higher levels of homogeneity are observed compared to those companies not located in districts. this fact confirms that the district still exerts a significant influence on their companies. On the other hand, this result varies across industrial sectors, presenting fashion‐led districts the higher growth trends of its internal heterogeneityEn el presente trabajo estudiamos la evolución durante el período 1996‐2007 de la hete‐ rogeneidad dimensional de las empresas localizadas en los distritos industriales españoles. Los resultados confirman la presencia de un modelo de distrito con una estructura cada vez más heterogénea, si bien se observan mayores niveles de homogeneidad respecto a las empresas no localizadas en distritos. Este hecho permite confirmar que el distrito todavía ejerce una notable in‐ fluencia sobre sus empresas. Por otro lado, este resultado varía según los diversos sectores, siendo los distritos de las fashion-led industries los que presentan mayores tendencias al crecimiento de su heterogeneidad intern

La Orogenia Cadomiense y el rifting del Paleozoico Inferior en el Sudoeste de Iberia

La intensidad y la duración de la Orogenia Cadomiense en el sudoeste de Iberia han sido temas controvertidos. El magmatismo calcoalcalino del Vendiense superior, que se encuentra ampliamente representado en la Zona de Ossa Morena, es el efecto orogénico cadomiense más significativo. Además, en las rocas del Proterozoico superior que afloran en Peraleda del Zaucejo (sur de la Zona Centroibérica) se ha establecido firmemente la existencia de foliación y metamorfismos tardiprecámbricos. En la Zona de Ossa Morena, sin embargo, la deformación penetrativa de las rocas precámbricas parece corresponder casi exclusivamente a pliegues y cabalgamientos de edad varisca. En conjunto, la intensidad de la orogenia cadomiense en el sudoeste de Iberia es, como en el resto del Macizo Ibérico, moderada. Los datos geocronológicos existentes aparentan la existencia de un magmatismo initerrumpido desde el Proterozoico superior hasta el Ordovícico; sin embargo, se sugiere que tal continuidad no es real. Del análisis de los datos estratigráficos se deduce que la orogenia cadomiense se habría desarrollado exclusivamente en el Proterozoico terminal, siendo el Cámbrico inferior un período de transición entre el ciclo orogénico cadomiense y el ciclo varisco. Desde el Cámbrico Inferior alto, se desarrolló en la Zona de Ossa Morena el rifting pre-varisco, cuyo reflejo estratigráfico es la sustitución de carbonatos de plataforma (Cámbrico Inferior) por sedimentos terrígenos y rocas volcánicas. Localmente, el rifting pre-varisco originó una fábrica milonítica y un metamorfismo de grado medio-alto, como el que se observa en Valuengo y en Monesterio. Como consecuencia del rifting cambro-ordovícico, la Zona de Ossa-Moreno debió de ser en el Silúrico un fragmento aislado de corteza continental

Loving Outside the Neighborhood: The Conflicting Effects of External Linkages on Incremental Innovation in Clusters

[EN] The present study assesses the explanatory capacity of three levels of factors, namely, internal to the company, and internal and external to the cluster, in predicting firms' incremental innovative performance in cluster contexts. The empirical research conducted here focuses on a sample of 92 companies from the Spanish textile industrial cluster in Valencia. Findings reveal that the signifi- cant role played by firms' interorganizational ties as a moderating factor between absorptive capacity and their incremental innovative performance. Additionally, results reflect the differenti- ated roles developed by intra- and extra-cluster linkages in these interaction processes.Tomas Miquel, JV.; Molina-Morales, FX.; Expósito-Langa, M. (2019). Loving Outside the Neighborhood: The Conflicting Effects of External Linkages on Incremental Innovation in Clusters. Journal of Small Business Management. 57(4):1738-1756. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12439S17381756574Acs, Z., & Audretsch, D. (Eds.). (1991). Innovation and Technological Change. doi:10.3998/mpub.12958Antonelli, C. (2000). Collective Knowledge Communication and Innovation: The Evidence of Technological Districts. Regional Studies, 34(6), 535-547. doi:10.1080/00343400050085657Asheim B. andF.Belussi(2007) “Industrial Districts and Globalisation: Learning and Innovation in Local and Global Production and Innovation Systems ” Paper Presented at EIBA (European International Business Academy) Annual Conference on ‘International Business Local Development and Science‐Technology Relationships’ Catania Italy.Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2005). Does the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship hold for regions? Research Policy, 34(8), 1191-1202. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.012Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. doi:10.1177/014920639101700108Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2004). Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 31-56. doi:10.1191/0309132504ph469oaBell, G. G. (2005). Clusters, networks, and firm innovativeness. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 287-295. doi:10.1002/smj.448Bellandi, M. (1996). Innovation and Change in the Marshallian Industrial District. European Planning Studies, 4(3), 357-368. doi:10.1080/09654319608720351Belussi, F., & Sedita, S. R. (2009). Life Cycle vs. Multiple Path Dependency in Industrial Districts. European Planning Studies, 17(4), 505-528. doi:10.1080/09654310802682065Berman, S. L., Down, J., & Hill, C. W. L. (2002). TACIT KNOWLEDGE AS A SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE NATIONAL BASKETBALL ASSOCIATION. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 13-31. doi:10.2307/3069282Beugelsdijk S. andS.Smulders(2003). “Bridging and Bonded Social Capital: Which Type is Good for Economic Growth? ” Paper Presented at ERSA Conference Jyvaskila Finland.Bhaskaran, S. (2006). Incremental Innovation and Business Performance: Small and Medium-Size Food Enterprises in a Concentrated Industry Environment. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 64-80. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2006.00154.xBorgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55-71. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008Boschma, R. A., & ter Wal, A. L. J. (2007). Knowledge Networks and Innovative Performance in an Industrial District: The Case of a Footwear District in the South of Italy. Industry & Innovation, 14(2), 177-199. doi:10.1080/13662710701253441Cantner, U., Joel, K., & Schmidt, T. (2011). The effects of knowledge management on innovative success – An empirical analysis of German firms. Research Policy, 40(10), 1453-1462. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.06.007Cattani, G., & Ferriani, S. (2008). A Core/Periphery Perspective on Individual Creative Performance: Social Networks and Cinematic Achievements in the Hollywood Film Industry. Organization Science, 19(6), 824-844. doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0350Chandy, R. K., & Tellis, G. J. (2000). The Incumbent’s Curse? Incumbency, Size, and Radical Product Innovation. Journal of Marketing, 64(3), 1-17. doi:10.1509/jmkg.64.3.1.18033Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128. doi:10.2307/2393553Coombs, J. E., Deeds, D. L., & Duane Ireland, R. (2009). Placing the choice between exploration and exploitation in context: a study of geography and new product development. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(3), 261-279. doi:10.1002/sej.74Dawson, J. F. (2013). Moderation in Management Research: What, Why, When, and How. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(1), 1-19. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7De Martino, R., Mc Hardy Reid, D., & Zygliodopoulos, S. C. (2006). Balancing localization and globalization:exploring the impact of firm internationalization on a regional cluster. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18(1), 1-24. doi:10.1080/08985620500397648Dewar, R. D., & Dutton, J. E. (1986). The Adoption of Radical and Incremental Innovations: An Empirical Analysis. Management Science, 32(11), 1422-1433. doi:10.1287/mnsc.32.11.1422DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147. doi:10.2307/2095101Elche-Hortelano, D., Martínez-Pérez, Á., & García-Villaverde, P. M. (2015). Bonding capital, explotación de conocimiento e innovación incremental en los clusters de turismo cultural: las Ciudades Patrimonio de la Humanidad en España. Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 21(3), 120-128. doi:10.1016/j.iedee.2014.03.002Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook «Friends:» Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.xEscribano, A., Fosfuri, A., & Tribó, J. A. (2009). Managing external knowledge flows: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Research Policy, 38(1), 96-105. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.022Forsman, H., & Annala, U. (2011). Small enterprises as innovators: shift from a low performer to a high performer. International Journal of Technology Management, 56(2/3/4), 154. doi:10.1504/ijtm.2011.042980Freeman, L. C. (1978). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. doi:10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7Gibson, C. B., & Birkinshaw, J. (2004). THE ANTECEDENTS, CONSEQUENCES, AND MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL AMBIDEXTERITY. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 209-226. doi:10.2307/20159573Giuliani E.(2005). “The Structure of Cluster Knowledge Networks: Uneven and Selective Not Pervasive and Collective ” Paper Presented at the DRUID 10th Anniversary Summer Conference 2005 on “Dynamics of Industry and Innovation: Organizations Networks and Systems ” Copenhagen Denmark.Giuliani, E. (2007). The selective nature of knowledge networks in clusters: evidence from the wine industry. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(2), 139-168. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbl014Giuliani, E., & Bell, M. (2005). The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster. Research Policy, 34(1), 47-68. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.10.008Glasmeier, A. (1991). Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks: The case of Switzerland and the world watch industry. Research Policy, 20(5), 469-485. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(91)90070-7Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. doi:10.1086/225469Gupta, A. K., Smith, K. G., & Shalley, C. E. (2006). The Interplay Between Exploration and Exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 693-706. doi:10.5465/amj.2006.22083026Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Albors-Garrigos, J., de-Miguel, B., & Hidalgo, A. (2012). The role of a firm’s absorptive capacity and the technology transfer process in clusters: How effective are technology centres in low-tech clusters? Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(7-8), 523-559. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710256Jansen, J. J. P., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2005). Managing Potential and Realized Absorptive Capacity: How do Organizational Antecedents Matter? Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 999-1015. doi:10.5465/amj.2005.19573106Jansen, J. J. P., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2006). Exploratory Innovation, Exploitative Innovation, and Performance: Effects of Organizational Antecedents and Environmental Moderators. Management Science, 52(11), 1661-1674. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0576Knoben, J. (2008). Localized inter-organizational linkages, agglomeration effects, and the innovative performance of firms. The Annals of Regional Science, 43(3), 757-779. doi:10.1007/s00168-008-0229-8Lam A.(1998). “Tacit knowledge Organisational Learning and Innovation: A Societal Perspective ” DRUID Working Paper 98–22 University of Kent Canterbury.Lane, P. J., Koka, B. R., & Pathak, S. (2006). The Reification of Absorptive Capacity: A Critical Review and Rejuvenation of the Construct. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 833-863. doi:10.5465/amr.2006.22527456Lane, P. J., & Lubatkin, M. (1998). Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 461-477. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199805)19:53.0.co;2-lLangfred, C. W. (2004). TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING? NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF HIGH TRUST AND INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY IN SELF-MANAGING TEAMS. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 385-399. doi:10.2307/20159588Maggioni, M. A., & Uberti, T. E. (2011). Networks and geography in the economics of knowledge flows. Quality & Quantity, 45(5), 1031-1051. doi:10.1007/s11135-011-9488-zMartin, R., & Sunley, P. (2006). Path dependence and regional economic evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(4), 395-437. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbl012MASKELL, P. (2001). KNOWLEDGE CREATION AND DIFFUSION IN GEOGRAPHIC CLUSTERS. International Journal of Innovation Management, 05(02), 213-237. doi:10.1142/s1363919601000373Maskell, P., Bathelt, H., & Malmberg, A. (2006). Building global knowledge pipelines: The role of temporary clusters. European Planning Studies, 14(8), 997-1013. doi:10.1080/09654310600852332McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A. (1999). Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 20(12), 1133-1156. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199912)20:123.0.co;2-7Menzel, M.-P., & Fornahl, D. (2009). Cluster life cycles--dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19(1), 205-238. doi:10.1093/icc/dtp036Molina-Morales, F. X., & Expósito-Langa, M. (2012). The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(7-8), 685-704. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710260Molina-Morales, F. X., & Martínez-Fernández, M. T. (2009). Too much love in the neighborhood can hurt: how an excess of intensity and trust in relationships may produce negative effects on firms. Strategic Management Journal, 30(9), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/smj.766Narula, R. (2002). Innovation systems and ‘inertia’ in R&D location: Norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock-in. Research Policy, 31(5), 795-816. doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(01)00148-2O’brien, R. M. (2007). A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors. Quality & Quantity, 41(5), 673-690. doi:10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6PARRA-REQUENA, G., MOLINA-MORALES, F. X., & GARCÍA-VILLAVERDE, P. M. (2010). The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Social Capital on Knowledge Acquisition in Clustered Firms. Growth and Change, 41(1), 59-84. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2257.2009.00516.xParrilli, M. D., & Sacchetti, S. (2008). Linking learning with governance in networks and clusters: key issues for analysis and policy. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 20(4), 387-408. doi:10.1080/08985620801886463Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. (2000). MANAGERIAL TIES AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY: THE NATURE OF A MICRO-MACRO LINK. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 486-501. doi:10.2307/1556406Pouder, R., & John, C. H. S. (1996). Hot Spots and Blind Spots: Geographical Clusters of Firms and Innovation. The Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1192. doi:10.2307/259168Puga, D., & Trefler, D. (2010). Wake up and smell the ginseng: International trade and the rise of incremental innovation in low-wage countries. Journal of Development Economics, 91(1), 64-76. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.01.011Ritala, P., & Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P. (2012). Incremental and Radical Innovation in Coopetition-The Role of Absorptive Capacity and Appropriability. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(1), 154-169. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2012.00956.xRitter, T. (1999). The Networking Company. Industrial Marketing Management, 28(5), 467-479. doi:10.1016/s0019-8501(99)00075-9Ritter, T., Wilkinson, I. F., & Johnston, W. J. (2002). Measuring network competence: some international evidence. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 17(2/3), 119-138. doi:10.1108/08858620210419763Robertson, P. L., Jacobson, D., & Langlois, R. N. (s. f.). Innovation Processes and Industrial Districts. A Handbook of Industrial Districts. doi:10.4337/9781781007808.00034Schilling, M. A. (2005). A «Small-World» Network Model of Cognitive Insight. Creativity Research Journal, 17(2-3), 131-154. doi:10.1080/10400419.2005.9651475Schilling, M. A., & Phelps, C. C. (2007). Interfirm Collaboration Networks: The Impact of Large-Scale Network Structure on Firm Innovation. Management Science, 53(7), 1113-1126. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0624Soosay, C. A., Hyland, P. W., & Ferrer, M. (2008). Supply chain collaboration: capabilities for continuous innovation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13(2), 160-169. doi:10.1108/13598540810860994Stam, W., & Elfring, T. (2008). Entrepreneurial Orientation and New Venture Performance: The Moderating Role of Intra- And Extraindustry Social Capital. Academy of Management Journal, 51(1), 97-111. doi:10.5465/amj.2008.30744031Stock, G. N., Greis, N. P., & Fischer, W. A. (2001). Absorptive capacity and new product development. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(1), 77-91. doi:10.1016/s1047-8310(00)00040-7Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. (2005). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on the Types of Innovative Capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450-463. doi:10.5465/amj.2005.17407911Tödtling, F., Lehner, P., & Kaufmann, A. (2009). Do different types of innovation rely on specific kinds of knowledge interactions? Technovation, 29(1), 59-71. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2008.05.002Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). SOCIAL CAPITAL AND VALUE CREATION: THE ROLE OF INTRAFIRM NETWORKS. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476. doi:10.2307/257085Tu, Q., Vonderembse, M. A., Ragu-Nathan, T. S., & Sharkey, T. W. (2005). Absorptive capacity: Enhancing the assimilation of time-based manufacturing practices. Journal of Operations Management, 24(5), 692-710. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2005.05.004Van der Panne, G., van Beers, C., & Kleinknecht, A. (2003). Success and Failure of Innovation: A Literature Review. International Journal of Innovation Management, 07(03), 309-338. doi:10.1142/s1363919603000830Varadarajan, R. (2009). Fortune at the bottom of the innovation pyramid: The strategic logic of incremental innovations. Business Horizons, 52(1), 21-29. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2008.03.011Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815478Williams, D. (2006). On and Off the ’Net: Scales for Social Capital in an Online Era. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 593-628. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.xZahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive Capacity: A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension. The Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185. doi:10.2307/413435

Overcoming undesirable knowledge redundancy in territorial clusters

This work analyzes the existence of redundant knowledge associated to geographic networks of firms. Specifically, our research focuses on how firms can avoid inefficient redundancy ties derived from territorial clusters. We propose that firms embedded in a dense and strong-tie network generate redundant knowledge flows. However, they may use structural dispersion to mediate and overcome this limitation. Our empirical study was conducted drawing on the Spanish ceramic tile industrial cluster to test the potential association between social capital and redundancy. Our findings support the idea that structural dispersion mediates the effects of strong ties and the generation of knowledge redundancy.Molina Morales, FX.; Expósito Langa, M. (2013). Overcoming undesirable knowledge redundancy in territorial clusters. Industry and Innovation. 20(8):739-758. doi:10.1080/13662716.2013.856622S739758208Adger, W. N. (2009). Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change. Economic Geography, 79(4), 387-404. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00220.xAdler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. The Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17. doi:10.2307/4134367Andersson, U., Forsgren, M., & Holm, U. (2002). The strategic impact of external networks: subsidiary performance and competence development in the multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(11), 979-996. doi:10.1002/smj.267Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2004). Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 31-56. doi:10.1191/0309132504ph469oaBecattini, G. (1990) The Marshallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion, in: F.Pyke, G.Becattini & W.Sengenberger (Eds), Industrial Districts and Local Economic Regeneration, pp. 37–51 (Geneva: International Institute for Labor Studies)Belussi, F., & Sedita, S. R. (2009). Life Cycle vs. Multiple Path Dependency in Industrial Districts. European Planning Studies, 17(4), 505-528. doi:10.1080/09654310802682065Benton, L. (1992) The emergence of the industrial district in Spain, in: F.Pyke, G.Becattini & W.Sengenberger (Eds), Industrial Districts and Local Economic Regeneration, pp. 81–128 (Geneva: International Institute for Labor Studies)Boix, R. (2009) The empirical evidence of industrial districts in Spain, in: G.Becattini, M.Bellandi & L.De Propris (Eds), A Handbook of Industrial Districts, pp. 343–359 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar)Cantwell, J., & Piscitello, L. (2005). Recent Location of Foreign-owned Research and Development Activities by Large Multinational Corporations in the European Regions: The Role of Spillovers and Externalities. Regional Studies, 39(1), 1-16. doi:10.1080/0034340052000320824Boschma, R. A., & ter Wal, A. L. J. (2007). Knowledge Networks and Innovative Performance in an Industrial District: The Case of a Footwear District in the South of Italy. Industry & Innovation, 14(2), 177-199. doi:10.1080/13662710701253441Brown, D. W., & Konrad, A. M. (2001). Granovetter Was Right. Group & Organization Management, 26(4), 434-462. doi:10.1177/1059601101264003Burt, R. S. (1992a) Social structure of competition, in: N.Nohria & R. G.Eccles (Eds), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, pp. 57–91 (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press)Burt, R. S. (1992b) Structural Holes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)Burt, R. S. (1995) Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural Holes and Good Ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 349-399. doi:10.1086/421787Capaldo, A. (2007). Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability. Strategic Management Journal, 28(6), 585-608. doi:10.1002/smj.621Coleman, J. S. (1990) Foundation of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)Dakhli, M., & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(2), 107-128. doi:10.1080/08985620410001677835Frenken, K., Van Oort, F., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Economic Growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685-697. doi:10.1080/00343400601120296Frenzen, J., & Nakamoto, K. (1993). Structure, Cooperation, and the Flow of Market Information. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 360. doi:10.1086/209355Galaskiewicz, J. (1985) Social Organization of an Urban Grants Economy (Orlando, FL: Academic Press)Gargiulo, M., & Benassi, M. (2000). Trapped in Your Own Net? Network Cohesion, Structural Holes, and the Adaptation of Social Capital. Organization Science, 11(2), 183-196. doi:10.1287/orsc.11.2.183.12514Giuliani, E., & Bell, M. (2005). The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster. Research Policy, 34(1), 47-68. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.10.008Glasmeier, A. (1991). Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks: The case of Switzerland and the world watch industry. Research Policy, 20(5), 469-485. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(91)90070-7Grabher, G. (1993) The weakness of strong ties: the lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area, in: G.Grabher (Ed.), The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks, pp. 255–277 (London: Routledge)Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. doi:10.1086/225469Gulati, R. (1995). Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal Analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(4), 619. doi:10.2307/2393756Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 203-215. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200003)21:33.0.co;2-kHansen, M. T. (1999). The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82. doi:10.2307/2667032Hassink, R. (2010) Locked in decline? On the role of regional lock-ins in old industrial areas, in: R.Boschma & R.Martin (Eds), Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography, pp. 450–467 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar)Hendry, C., Brown, J., & Defillippi, R. (2000). Regional Clustering of High Technology-based Firms: Opto-electronics in Three Countries. Regional Studies, 34(2), 129-144. doi:10.1080/00343400050006050Hervas-Oliver, J. L. and Albors-Garrigos, J. (2011) Resources and innovation in low-tech industries: an empirical study of clusters in Spain and Italy, in: P. L.Robertson & D.Jacobson (Eds), Knowledge Transfer and Technology Diffusion, pp. 35–63 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar)Humphrey, J., & Schmitz, H. (2002). How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Regional Studies, 36(9), 1017-1027. doi:10.1080/0034340022000022198Ibarra, H. (1993). NETWORK CENTRALITY, POWER, AND INNOVATION INVOLVEMENT: DETERMINANTS OF TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 471-501. doi:10.2307/256589Inge Jenssen, J., & Greve, A. (2002). Does the degree of redundancy in social networks influence the success of business start‐ups? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 8(5), 254-267. doi:10.1108/13552550210448357Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. and Bolger, N. (1998) Data analysis in social psychology, in: D.Gilbert, S.Fiske & G.Lindzey (Eds), Handbook of Social Psychology, pp. 233–265 (New York: McGraw-Hill)Kogut, B. (2000). The network as knowledge: generative rules and the emergence of structure. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 405-425. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200003)21:33.0.co;2-5Krackhardt, D. (1992) The strength of strong ties: the importance of philos, in: N.Nohria & R. G.Eccles (Eds), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, pp. 216–239 (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press)Lane, P. J., & Lubatkin, M. (1998). Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 461-477. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199805)19:53.0.co;2-lLeana, C. R., & van Buren, H. J. (1999). Organizational Social Capital and Employment Practices. The Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 538. doi:10.2307/259141Li, W., Veliyath, R., & Tan, J. (2012). Network Characteristics and Firm Performance: An Examination of the Relationships in the Context of a Cluster. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(1), 1-22. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2012.00375.xLorenzen, M. (2007). Social Capital and Localised Learning: Proximity and Place in Technological and Institutional Dynamics. Urban Studies, 44(4), 799-817. doi:10.1080/00420980601184752Malecki, E. (1995) Culture as mediator of global and local forces, in: B.Van Der Knaap & R.Le Heron (Eds), Human Resources and Industrial Spaces: A Perspective on Globalization and Localization, pp. 105–127 (Chichester: Wiley)Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2006). Path dependence and regional economic evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(4), 395-437. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbl012MASKELL, P. (2001). KNOWLEDGE CREATION AND DIFFUSION IN GEOGRAPHIC CLUSTERS. International Journal of Innovation Management, 05(02), 213-237. doi:10.1142/s1363919601000373McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A. (1999). Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 20(12), 1133-1156. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199912)20:123.0.co;2-7McFadyen, M. A., & Cannella, A. A. (2004). SOCIAL CAPITAL AND KNOWLEDGE CREATION: DIMINISHING RETURNS OF THE NUMBER AND STRENGTH OF EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIPS. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 735-746. doi:10.2307/20159615Menzel, M.-P., & Fornahl, D. (2009). Cluster life cycles--dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19(1), 205-238. doi:10.1093/icc/dtp036Molina-Morales, F. X. (2002). Industrial districts and innovation: the case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industry. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 14(4), 317-335. doi:10.1080/08985620210144992Molina-Morales, F. X., & Martínez-Fernández, M. T. (2009). Too much love in the neighborhood can hurt: how an excess of intensity and trust in relationships may produce negative effects on firms. Strategic Management Journal, 30(9), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/smj.766Molina-Morales, F. X., & Martínez-Fernández, M. T. (2010). Social Networks: Effects of Social Capital on Firm Innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(2), 258-279. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2010.00294.xNahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242. doi:10.2307/259373Parrilli, M. D., & Sacchetti, S. (2008). Linking learning with governance in networks and clusters: key issues for analysis and policy. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 20(4), 387-408. doi:10.1080/08985620801886463Piore, M. J. (1990) Work, labor and action: work experience in a system of flexible production, in: F.Pyke, G.Becattini & W.Sengenberger (Eds), Industrial Districts and Inter-Firm Cooperation in Italy, pp. 52–74 (Geneva: International Institute for Labor Studies)Podolny, J. M., & Baron, J. N. (1997). Resources and Relationships: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 673. doi:10.2307/2657354Porter, M. E. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of the Nations (New York: The Free Press)Porter, M. E. (1998) On Competition (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press)Pouder, R., & St. John, C. H. (1996). Hot Spots and Blind Spots: Geographical Clusters of Firms and Innovation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1192-1225. doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9704071867Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 116. doi:10.2307/2393988Rowley, T., Behrens, D., & Krackhardt, D. (2000). Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 369-386. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200003)21:33.0.co;2-mSeibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Liden, R. C. (2001). A SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY OF CAREER SUCCESS. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 219-237. doi:10.2307/3069452Sorenson, O. (2003). Interdependence and Adaptability: Organizational Learning and the Long–Term Effect of Integration. Management Science, 49(4), 446-463. doi:10.1287/mnsc.49.4.446.14418Sparrowe, R. T., Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2001). SOCIAL NETWORKS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 316-325. doi:10.2307/3069458Staber, U. (2001). The Structure of Networks in Industrial Districts. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(3), 537-552. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00328Storper, M. (1997) The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy (New York: The Guilford Press)Stuart, T., & Sorenson, O. (2003). The geography of opportunity: spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms. Research Policy, 32(2), 229-253. doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00098-7Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 27-43. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171105Tallman, S., Jenkins, M., Henry, N., & Pinch, S. (2004). Knowledge, Clusters, and Competitive Advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 258. doi:10.2307/20159032Thomas, G. P., & Soldow, G. F. (1988). A Rules-Based Approach to Competitive Interaction. Journal of Marketing, 52(2), 63. doi:10.2307/1251265Trigilia, C. (2001). Social Capital and Local Development. European Journal of Social Theory, 4(4), 427-442. doi:10.1177/13684310122225244Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). SOCIAL CAPITAL AND VALUE CREATION: THE ROLE OF INTRAFIRM NETWORKS. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476. doi:10.2307/257085Utili, G., Sarti, M. and Gobbo, F. (1983) L'industria delle piastrelle di ceramica nel mondo. I principali paese produttori (Modena: Nomisma-Edi)Uzzi, B. (1996). The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review, 61(4), 674. doi:10.2307/2096399Uzzi, B. (1997). Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35. doi:10.2307/2393808Vives, X. (1990). Trade Association Disclosure Rules, Incentives to Share Information, and Welfare. The RAND Journal of Economics, 21(3), 409. doi:10.2307/2555617Von Hippel, E. (1987). Cooperation between rivals: Informal know-how trading. Research Policy, 16(6), 291-302. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(87)90015-1Weick, K. E. (1976). Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(1), 1. doi:10.2307/2391875Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), 587-613. doi:10.1002/smj.18

14C dating of the last Croscat volcano eruption (Garrotxa Region, NE Iberian Peninsula)

In this shortnote, we present the results of a geochronological study of the last eruption in the volcanic region of the Garrotxa (NE Iberian Peninsula). Four 14C analysis of organic matter contained in palaeosols located under volcanic pyroclastic fall deposits of the Croscat volcano were made. The samples gave ages between 13160 and 15710 years cal BP, and are in accord with our palynological analysis and climate reconstruction at that time. The ages that we report are the youngest obtained for volcanic activity in the Iberian Peninsula

Simulador de redes eléctricas

Se presenta un simulador de redes eléctricas para el entrenamiento de operadores de centros de control de las mismas. El simulador es el resultado de una primera fase de un proyecto de investigación de UNESA, e incorpora las funciones fundamentales para redes pequeñas. El simulador se ha implementado sobre un computador de 16 bits y dispone de dos consolas semigráficas para el instructor y operador desde donde se puede actuar sobre la red y seguir la evolución de la misma

Arc-parallel vs back-arc extension in the Western Gibraltar arc : is the Gibraltar forearc still active?

Extremely tight arcs, framed within the Eurasia-Africa convergence region, developed during the Neogene on both sides of the western Mediterranean. A complex interplate deformation zone has been invoked to explain their structural trend-line patterns, the shortening directions and the development of back-arc basins. Updated structural and kinematic maps, combined with earthquake data covering the complete hinge zone of the western Gibraltar arc help us to explore the mode of strain partitioning from 25My ago to present. During the Miocene, the strain partitioning pattern showed arc-perpendicular shortening in the active orogenic wedge -assessed from the radial pattern of tectonic transport directions- accompained by subhorizontal stretching. Structures accommodating stretching fall into two categories on the basis of their space distribution and their relationships with the structural trend-line pattern: i) arc-parallel stretching structures in the external wedge (mainly normal faults and conjugate strike-slip faults); and ii) extensional faults developed in the hinterland zone in which transport directions are centripetal towards the Alborán back-arc basin. Pliocene to Recent deformational structures together with focal solutions from crustal earthquakes (n=167; 1.

El papel de la distancia social en el perdón de la violencia psicológica: malestar personal y coacción como respuesta de afrontamiento

Through two studies, the present investigation analyzes the process of forgiveness before a situation of psychological abuse, depending on the social distance in relation to the person who transgresses. In the first study (n = 145), the granting of forgiveness to different types of violence (physical vs. psychological). The results showed that psychological degree (vs. physical). In the second study (n = 155) pardon, discomfort or personal distress was analyzed and coercion as a coping response, as a function of social distance (actor vs. observer). The results showed that personal discomfort is related to less forgiveness, and this in turn, is related to less coercion, especially in the condition of actor (observer). Likewise, the results also showed that forgiveness mediates the relationship between personal discomfort and resolution of coercion, especially when it comes to the perspective of the actor.A través de dos estudios, la presente investigación analizar el proceso de perdón ante una situación de abuso psicológico, en función de la distancia social en relación con la persona que transgrede. En el primer estudio (n = 145), se examinó el otorgamiento de perdón ante diferentes tipos de violencia (física vs. psicológica). Los resultados mostraron que la violencia psicológica en mayor grado (vs. física). En el segundo estudio (n = 155) se analizó el perdón, el malestar o distrés personal y la coacción como respuesta de afrontamiento, en función de la distancia social (actor vs. observador). Los resultados evidenciaron que, el malestar personal se relaciona con un menor perdón, y éste a su vez, se relaciona con una menor coerción, especialmente en la condición de actor (observador). Asimismo, los resultados también evidenciaron que el perdón media la relación entre el malestar personal y la resolución de coerción, especialmente, cuando se trata de la perspectiva del actor