Developmental origins and evolution of jaws: new interpretation of “maxillary” and “mandibular”

AbstractCartilage of the vertebrate jaw is derived from cranial neural crest cells that migrate to the first pharyngeal arch and form a dorsal “maxillary” and a ventral “mandibular” condensation. It has been assumed that the former gives rise to palatoquadrate and the latter to Meckel's (mandibular) cartilage. In anamniotes, these condensations were thought to form the framework for the bones of the adult jaw and, in amniotes, appear to prefigure the maxillary and mandibular facial prominences. Here, we directly test the contributions of these neural crest condensations in axolotl and chick embryos, as representatives of anamniote and amniote vertebrate groups, using molecular and morphological markers in combination with vital dye labeling of late-migrating cranial neural crest cells. Surprisingly, we find that both palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage derive solely from the ventral “mandibular” condensation. In contrast, the dorsal “maxillary” condensation contributes to trabecular cartilage of the neurocranium and forms part of the frontonasal process but does not contribute to jaw joints as previously assumed. These studies reveal the morphogenetic processes by which cranial neural crest cells within the first arch build the primordia for jaw cartilages and anterior cranium

Improvement of arterial oxygenation in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine

Background: The effect of intranasal oxygen and/or early reversal of xylazine with atipamezole on arterial oxygenation in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine with a cross-sectional clinical study on 33 adult moose was evaluated. Moose were darted from a helicopter with 3.37 mg etorphine, 15 mg acepromazine and 75 mg xylazine. Intranasal oxygen at a flow rate of 4 L/min and/or early reversal of xylazine with 7.5 mg atipamezole to improve oxygenation was evaluated, using four treatment regimens; intranasal oxygen (n = 10), atipamezole intramuscularly (n = 6), atipamezole intravenously (n = 10), or a combination of atipamezole intravenously and intranasal oxygen (n = 7). Arterial blood was collected 7–30 minutes (min) after darting, and again 15 min after institution of treatment and immediately analyzed using an i-STAT®1 Portable Clinical Analyzer. Results: Before treatment the mean ± SD (range) partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) was 62 ± 17 (26–99) mmHg. Twenty-six animals had a PaO2 < 80 mmHg. Ten had a PaO2 of 40–60 mmHg and three animals had a PaO2 < 40 mmHg. Intranasal oxygen and intravenous administration of atipamezole significantly increased the mean PaO2, as did the combination of the two. In contrast, atipamezole administered intramuscularly at the evaluated dose had no significant effect on arterial oxygenation. Conclusions: This study shows that intranasal oxygen effectively improved arterial oxygenation in immobilized moose, and that early intravenous reversal of the sedative component, in this case xylazine, in an opioid-based immobilization drug-protocol significantly improves arterial oxygenation

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Sober alternative public sphere and alternative literary institution a literature sociological research of the publishing firms of the Swedish branch of the Independent Order of Goodtemplars.

The aim of this masters thesis is to examine what political, social and ideological reasons that were the base for the establishment of the Swedish temperance movement. Which judgements within this movement that resulted in the decision to establish publishing firms, how these publishing businesses were organised and what function they had in the literary circuit. The questions are: What principal political, social, economical and ideological reasons were the bases for the establishment of the Swedish temperance movement? How has their need for publishing firms arisen? Which were the publishing firms and who were the publishers? What ideas, purposes, experiences, values and judgements led to the establishment of publishing firms? In the first part of the theory I have used the historical materialism of Karl Marx; in the second part the theory of middle class publicity by Jürgen Habermas; and in the third part I have made a presentation of the literary circuit and how it works according to Marx and Habermas. The method used is an analysis of ideas and ideologies in literature and documents. I have used the tool dimensions for the analysis. Dimensions that are examined are e.g. outlooks on mankind, theory of society, national economy and morality. This thesis has resulted in the statements that the temperance movement was established in a time when the society moved from an agrarian to an industrial structure, in which people got the opportunity to take new steps concerning ideologies and activities. This made it easier for voluntary associations to establish publishing firms. The Independent Order of Goodtemplars wanted to become an alternative society, which can explain their need for publishing firms. These firms would provide the need for members&apos; study literature, missionary literature for sympathisers to be and propaganda concerning temperance. These issues were important for the temperance movement, as a lot of drunkenness and extreme poverty were predominant in the early industrial society.Uppsatsnivå:

Tiden efter RIG Malmö : En studie om RIG Malmös påverkan till elitsatsning och faktorer till viljan att föreningsidrotta

Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Riksidrottsgymnasiet i Malmö med inriktning badminton har påverkat lusten till individens elitsatsning och undersöka vilka faktorer som får spelarna att stanna kvar inom föreningsidrotten. Vi har valt att ha två frågeställningar i denna studie Hur har RIG Malmö påverkat lusten till elitsatsning? Vilka är faktorerna till att individerna stannar kvar i föreningsidrott? Metod I denna studie har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer.Studien utgår från ett salutogent perspektiv då vi undersöker vad som bidrar till en ökad känsla av sammanhang.ResultatIngen av de sex personer vi har intervjuat är elitaktiva inom badminton då tiden inte räcker till att både arbeta eller studera och elitsatsa. Däremot är alla kvar inom föreningsidrotten på grund av den gemenskap och glädje idrotten och föreningen bidrar med. Sammanfattning Studier visar på att många individer som går på Riksidrottsgymnasiet väljer att sluta elitsatsa med sin idrott några år efter studenten, detta på grund av mycket stress och höga krav under gymnasietiden. I denna studie undersöker vi om dessa faktorer ligger till grund för att sex individer som har gått på Riksidrottsgymnasiet i Malmö med inriktning badminton har valt att sluta elitsatsa inom sin idrott. Vi undersöker även vad som har fått dessa individer att trots sitt avhopp från elitsatsning valt att stanna kvar inom föreningsidrotten. Slutsats En gemensam faktor till varför de inte längre elitsatsar är för att de upplever att tiden inte räcker till för att både hinna jobba och elitsatsa, men att detta inte har påverkats av gymnasietiden. Riksidrottsgymnasiet i Malmö har då istället gett dessa individer en mersmak för badminton genom att ha tränare med hög kompetens och har gett eleverna en möjlighet att kombinera både skola och studier. KASAM är den största faktorn till att de har valt att stanna kvar inom föreningsidrotten. De upplever en begriplighet för badminton, att de kan hantera det som förväntas av dem och att 3upplever en meningsfullhet men även en stark gemenskap till andra medlemmar inom föreningen.Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p

Tiden efter RIG Malmö : En studie om RIG Malmös påverkan till elitsatsning och faktorer till viljan att föreningsidrotta

Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Riksidrottsgymnasiet i Malmö med inriktning badminton har påverkat lusten till individens elitsatsning och undersöka vilka faktorer som får spelarna att stanna kvar inom föreningsidrotten. Vi har valt att ha två frågeställningar i denna studie Hur har RIG Malmö påverkat lusten till elitsatsning? Vilka är faktorerna till att individerna stannar kvar i föreningsidrott? Metod I denna studie har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer.Studien utgår från ett salutogent perspektiv då vi undersöker vad som bidrar till en ökad känsla av sammanhang.ResultatIngen av de sex personer vi har intervjuat är elitaktiva inom badminton då tiden inte räcker till att både arbeta eller studera och elitsatsa. Däremot är alla kvar inom föreningsidrotten på grund av den gemenskap och glädje idrotten och föreningen bidrar med. Sammanfattning Studier visar på att många individer som går på Riksidrottsgymnasiet väljer att sluta elitsatsa med sin idrott några år efter studenten, detta på grund av mycket stress och höga krav under gymnasietiden. I denna studie undersöker vi om dessa faktorer ligger till grund för att sex individer som har gått på Riksidrottsgymnasiet i Malmö med inriktning badminton har valt att sluta elitsatsa inom sin idrott. Vi undersöker även vad som har fått dessa individer att trots sitt avhopp från elitsatsning valt att stanna kvar inom föreningsidrotten. Slutsats En gemensam faktor till varför de inte längre elitsatsar är för att de upplever att tiden inte räcker till för att både hinna jobba och elitsatsa, men att detta inte har påverkats av gymnasietiden. Riksidrottsgymnasiet i Malmö har då istället gett dessa individer en mersmak för badminton genom att ha tränare med hög kompetens och har gett eleverna en möjlighet att kombinera både skola och studier. KASAM är den största faktorn till att de har valt att stanna kvar inom föreningsidrotten. De upplever en begriplighet för badminton, att de kan hantera det som förväntas av dem och att 3upplever en meningsfullhet men även en stark gemenskap till andra medlemmar inom föreningen.Ämneslärarprogrammet, Specialidrott</p