Dynamique et restauration d'une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d'usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)

La restauration écologique a été identifiée comme une approche permettant notamment de ralentir la perte de biodiversité et de maintenir tous les biens et services issus de cette biodiversité desquels dépend le bien être de notre civilisation actuelle. Cette restauration des écosystèmes se base sur des connaissances provenant à la fois de l'écologie des communautés et de l écologie de la restauration. Les objectifs de la thèse sont donc de comprendre la dynamique d une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d usage ainsi que la mise en oeuvre de techniques qui pourraient être appliquées à la restauration de cet écosystème après une perturbation anthropique sévère. La thèse a pour objet d'étude la steppe méditerranéenne de la plaine de Crau, et notamment d anciennes cultures pour étudier la recolonisation spontanée après perturbation et le projet de réhabilitation à grande échelle de Cossure pour les expérimentations sur les techniques de restauration. En ce qui concerne la dynamique après une perturbation anthropique exogène sévère, nous avons confirmé la faible résilience de la communauté végétale steppique à la fois à moyen (30-40 ans) et long terme (150 ans), tandis que les paramètres du sol et le taux d'infestation des mycorhizes sont résilients sur le long terme. En outre, nous avons confirmé le rôle joué par les trois filtres dans la recolonisation des communautés végétales. En ce qui concerne la steppe de la Crau, la recolonisation est déterminée en premier par le filtre abiotique, puis par le filtre de dispersion et enfin par le filtre biotique. Compte tenu de la faible résilience de la communauté, nous avons testé plusieurs techniques de restauration appliquées à grande échelle au sein du projet de réhabilitation de Cossure: le semis d espèces nurses, l'étrépage de sol, le transfert de foin et le transfert de sol. Afin d'évaluer l'efficacité des techniques de restauration, nous avons développé des indices pour mesurer l 'intégrité de la structure de la communauté permettant de distinguer les abondances inférieures des abondances supérieures par rapport à la communauté de référence. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec le transfert du sol, suivi par l étrépage de sol, puis le semis d espèces nurses et enfin le transfert de foin. Ces résultats ont toutefois confirmé la difficulté de restaurer totalement la communauté végétale steppique. Les recherches menées au sein de cette thèse montrent que les connaissances actuelles en matière de restauration écologique permettent de restaurer au moins partiellement certaines composantes de cet écosystème, mais suggèrent de mettre un maximum de moyens pour la conservation in situ des habitats naturels plutôt que de devoir les restaurer après qu'ils aient été détruitsEcosystem restoration has been identified as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity and to protect all the biodiversity-based goods and services from which humankind benefits. Restoration feeds from knowledge coming from both community ecology and restoration ecology. The objectives of the thesis are to provide insights on both the dynamics of a mediterranean steppe after changes in land-use and the implementation of techniques which could be applied to restore this ecosystem after severe anthropogenic disturbances. The thesis takes as a study object the La Crau Mediterranean steppe, and especially former cultivated fields to study the recovery after cultivation and the Cossure large scale rehabilitation project to experiment rehabilitation and restoration techniques. Concerning dynamics after severe exogenous anthropogenic disturbances, we confirmed the low resilience of the steppe plant community both at mid- (30-40 years) and long-term (150 years) while the resilience of soil parameters and mycorrhizal infestation rate are effective on the long-term. Moreover we confirmed the role played by the three filters in the plant community recovery and found that for the La Crau steppe, this is firstly driven by the abiotic filter, then by the dispersion filter and finally by the biotic filter. Given this low resilience, we tested several restoration techniques applied at large-scale within the Cossure rehabilitation project: nurse species seeding, topsoil removal, hay transfer and soil transfer. In order to assess the efficiency of restoration techniques we developed indices to measure the community structure integrity, disentangling lower and higher abundances compared to the reference. The best results were obtained with soil transfer, followed by topsoil removal, then nurse species seeding and finally hay transfer. The research conducted for this thesis shows that current knowledge in ecological restoration makes it possible to restore at least partially some La Crau ecosystem components, but ought to lead us to understand the importance of in situ conservation of natural habitats as a better alternative to restore them after they were destroyedAVIGNON-Bib. numérique (840079901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Could crop edges be some refuges for arable weeds species in the territory of the Luberon Natural Park ?

Les objectifs de ce travail sont d’échantillonner la végétation de champs de céréales adjacents de prairies pâturées pour estimer la composition botanique et la richesse spécifique dans les lisières entre ces deux écosystèmes. Cinq sites d’études ont été choisis dans le Parc naturel régional du Luberon car ils étaient inclus dans des mesures agri-environnementales dont les objectifs étaient la conservation des espèces messicoles et des espèces de pelouses sèches. Au total, 128 quadras de 1 m² ont été échantillonnés dans des transects qui coupaient perpendiculairement les lisières avec 3 ou 5 répliques par site. Nos résultats ne montrent pas un accroissement significatif de la richesse spécifique dans les lisières mais des changements dans la composition botanique des champs de céréales aux prairies. Dans notre cas, le pâturage ovin permet aux espèces messicoles de coloniser les bordures de prairies grâce aux espaces de sol nu créés par le piétinement des troupeaux. Ces résultats sont ensuite discutés dans une optique de conservation biologique des espèces messicoles menacées dans les paysages agricoles.The present work aimed at sampling the vegetation of cereal fields adjacent to grazed grassland to assess botanical composition and species richness in the transition zones between these two ecosystems. Five study sites were chosen in the natural area of the Luberon because they were included in agri-environmental schemes aimed at conserving arable weeds and dry grassland species. In total, 128 quadras of 1 m² were sampled on transects running through transition zones with 3 or 5 replicates per site. There was no significant increase of species richness but there were changes in the botanical composition from cereal fields to grassland. In our case, sheep grazing allowed the weed flora to colonise grassland boundaries thanks to the gaps created by livestock trampling. These results are then discussed for the biological conservation of threatened arable weeds in agricultural landscapes

Restaurer ou laisser faire la nature ?

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Evaluation du rôle des feux de brousse sur la composition, la structure, la phénologie, et la résistance de la végétation des bois de tapia (Uapaca bojeri) du massif d'Ibity, Nouvelle Aire Protégée, en vue de sa gestion durable

Aujourd'hui la perte et la transformation des habitats sont les principales menaces qui causent la diminution de la diversité biologique. A Madagascar, 90% des espèces végétales sont endémiques de l île et la plupart des formations végétales sont actuellement fortement dégradées ou remplacées par des formations secondaires résultant des activités humaines. Le bois de tapia, dominé par l espèce endémique de Madagascar Uapaca bojeri, est une formation végétale sclérophylle limitée aux Hautes Terres de l île. Cette formation, adaptée et résistante au régime de feu naturel de la région, est aujourd'hui fragmentée, couvrant une surface équivalente à 132 255 ha au total. Afin d augmenter la protection du bois de tapia, une nouvelle aire protégée (NAP) a été établie sur le Massif d Ibity. L état actuel de la végétation de bois de tapia est le résultat de l interaction de facteurs comme le type de sol, le climat, les pratiques humaines traditionnelles et le feu. Bien que le feu soit un des phénomènes qui fasse partie de la dynamique de cette végétation, le régime de feu actuel est également une des causes de sa dégradation. L objectif de cette thèse est donc d étudier le rôle du feu sur le cycle démographique et certains processus importants pour l installation et le recrutement. Ainsi, la germination, la phénologie et la résistance des plantules au feu ont été étudiées. Cette recherche montre que le problème actuel du bois de tapia est 1) la réduction de la floraison et de la fructification par les fréquences de feu élevées ; 2) la réduction du pourcentage de germination après l exposition des graines à de hautes températures, et 3) la mortalité élevée des plantules après le passage d un feu, en particulier quand la quantité de combustible est élevée. Ainsi l installation et le recrutement des espèces ligneuses sont limités par le feu, qui a un effet négatif sur la régénération naturelle. La gestion du feu autour de l aire protégée est ainsi nécessaire pour sa conservationCurrently loss and transformation of habitats are the main threats which cause the decrease of biological diversity. In Madagascar, 90% of plants species are endemic of the island and most of the plant formations types are at present strongly degraded or replaced by secondary formations resulting from human activities. Tapia woodland, dominated by the endemic tree Uapaca bojeri, is a sclerophyllous vegetation type limited in the Malagasy highlands. This vegetation type, adapted and resistant to the natural fire regime, is very fragmented today, covering a surface equivalent to 132 255ha on the island. In order to increase the protection of tapia woodland, a new protected area was established on Ibity massif. The current state of the woody vegetation is the result of the interaction of some factors as soil type, climate, human traditional practices and fire. Although fire is one of the phenomena that determine the dynamics of this vegetation, the current fire regime is also one of the main causes of degradation. The objective of this thesis is to study the role of fire on the demographic cycle and on some main processes for installation and recruitment. Thus, germination, plant phenology and seedlings resistance after burnt were studied. This research shows that the current problem of tapia woodland are 1) the reduction of flowering and fruiting by high fire frequencies; 2) the reduction of germination percent after seed exposure with high temperatures, and 3) high seedlings mortality after burnt, in particular when the quantity of fuel is raised. Installation and recruitment of woody species are limited by fire, which has a negative effect on natural regeneration. Fire management around the protected area is thus necessary for its conservationAVIGNON-Bib. numérique (840079901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Fire and the reproductive phenology of endangered Madagascar sclerophyllous tapia woodlands

AbstractTapia woodland vegetation is a remnant of Madagascar sclerophyllous forest that has developed under the selective pressure of fire and is dominated by the endemic tree Uapaca bojeri (Phyllanthaceae), locally named tapia. We carried out a 2-year study in tapia woodland at Ibity mountain, a new protected area in central highlands of Madagascar. We aimed to describe the reproductive phenology of this vegetation type and to determine whether it is affected by fire. We addressed two main questions: 1) does fire frequency affect the proportion of reproducing individuals and the intensity of each flowering and fruiting event?; and 2) does fire frequency influence the reproductive synchrony of species across the landscape? Thirteen woody species (373 individuals) were sampled at six sites selected across the Ibity mountain, where three that were burned three times between 2000 and 2010 and three burned just once during the decade. We found that (1) fire reduced the percentage of individuals that participate in each phenophase, and flower and fruit production was lower at the more frequently burned sites; and (2) increased fire frequency reduced the reproductive synchronization of species throughout the landscape. Fire is recognized as one of the major disturbances affecting mortality and recruitment of trees in tapia woodland. Our study indicates that fire also impacts the timing of plant reproduction at community and landscape levels

Beyond the species pool: Modification of species dispersal, establishment and assembly by habitat restoration

Species dispersal, establishment and assembly are crucial stages of the life history of plants, and clear understanding of the governing forces and rules that shape species composition in a particular community is vital for successful ecological restoration. In our paper we focus on five aspects of seed dispersal and plant establishment, which should be considered during habitat restoration actions. In the first two sections we discuss the success of spontaneous dispersal and establishment on restoration based either on spatial dispersal or local seed banks. In the third section we assess the possibilities of species introduction and assisted dispersal. In the fourth section we introduce some possibilities for the improvement of establishment success of spontaneously dispersed or introduced species. Finally, we highlight issues influencing long-term persistence and sustainability of restored habitats, related to the alteration of management type and intensity, climate change and spread of non-native species. With the present paper we introduce the special issue entitled ‘Seed dispersal and soils seed banks – Promising sources for ecological restoration’ containing 15 papers by 62 authors from ten countries arranged into the abovementioned five topics

Iron acquisition in Bacillus cereus: the roles of IlsA and bacillibactin in exogenous ferritin iron mobilization

9siIn host-pathogen interactions, the struggle for iron may have major consequences on the outcome of the disease. To overcome the low solubility and bio-availability of iron, bacteria have evolved multiple systems to acquire iron from various sources such as heme, hemoglobin and ferritin. The molecular basis of iron acquisition from heme and hemoglobin have been extensively studied; however, very little is known about iron acquisition from host ferritin, a 24-mer nanocage protein able to store thousands of iron atoms within its cavity. In the human opportunistic pathogen Bacillus cereus, a surface protein named IlsA (Iron-regulated leucine rich surface protein type A) binds heme, hemoglobin and ferritin in vitro and is involved in virulence. Here, we demonstrate that IlsA acts as a ferritin receptor causing ferritin aggregation on the bacterial surface. Isothermal titration calorimetry data indicate that IlsA binds several types of ferritins through direct interaction with the shell subunits. UV-vis kinetic data show a significant enhancement of iron release from ferritin in the presence of IlsA indicating for the first time that a bacterial protein might alter the stability of the ferritin iron core. Disruption of the siderophore bacillibactin production drastically reduces the ability of B. cereus to utilize ferritin for growth and results in attenuated bacterial virulence in insects. We propose a new model of iron acquisition in B. cereus that involves the binding of IlsA to host ferritin followed by siderophore assisted iron uptake. Our results highlight a possible interplay between a surface protein and a siderophore and provide new insights into host adaptation of B. cereus and general bacterial pathogenesis.openopenSegond D; Abi Khalil E; Buisson C; Daou N; Kallassy M; Lereclus D; Arosio P; Bou-Abdallah F; Nielsen Le Roux C.Segond, D; Abi Khalil, E; Buisson, C; Daou, N; Kallassy, M; Lereclus, D; Arosio, Paolo; Bou Abdallah, F; Nielsen Le Roux, C

Resilience of the native flora on a Mediterranean island after eradication of ice plant (Carpobrotus spp.)

Les invasions d’espèces étant considérées comme une menace majeure vis-à-vis des espèces indigènes, particulièrement pour les systèmes insulaires, les programmes d’éradication des espèces invasives constituent une des alternatives pour la préservation de la biodiversité. Dans ce contexte, les gestionnaires du Parc national de Port-Cros (PNPC) ont lancé en 2010, un programme de contrôle manuel sur 2 ha des Griffes de sorcière (Carpobrotus sp. Aizoaceae), plantes invasives dans le bassin méditerranéen et, particulièrement, sur l’île de Bagaud (Var, France). Les changements temporels des communautés végétales (i.e., richesse spécifique et recouvrement végétal) ont été analysés au sein de placettes permanentes (100 m² et 16 m²) avant (2010-2011) et après éradication (2013-2014) de Carpobrotus sp. Ces communautés en cours de restauration sont également comparées à des communautés végétales indigènes de l’île, qualifiées de référence. La richesse spécifique et le recouvrement végétal de la flore indigène augmentent considérablement à partir de 2013 du fait de la germination de la banque de graines des plantes indigènes. En zone littorale, la reprise de la flore indigène, comprenant des communautés halo-résistantes, semble plus rapide que dans l’intérieur de l’île, comprenant à la fois des espèces de matorral bas et halonitrophiles. Les opérations de contrôle doivent inclure un suivi temporel des réponses des plantes indigènes pour savoir si la reprise est transitoire ou durable dans le cadre de la restauration d’écosystèmes dégradés ou de la conservation d’espèces menacées.Species invasions are considered as a major threat relative to native species, especially for island systems. Eradication programs of invasive species are an alternative for the preservation of island's native biodiversity. In this context, the managers of the Port-Cros national Park have implemented in 2010 a 2 ha manual control program of ice plant (Carpobrotus sp., Aizoaceae), invasive in the Mediterranean basin and, particularly, on the island of Bagaud (Var, France). Temporal changes of plant communities (i.e. species richness and plant cover) were analysed in permanent plots (100 m² and 16 m²) before (2010-2011) and after (2013-2014) Carpobrotus sp. eradication. These plant communities were also compared with native reference plant communities of this island. Species richness and plant cover of native flora significantly increased in 2013 due to the germination of native plants seed bank. On coastal sites, the recovery of native flora is faster and matches with the halo-resistant reference plant community. On inland sites, the recovery of native flora includes low matorral and halonitrophilous species. Invasive species control must include monitoring through time of native plant species to find out whether recovery is transient or long lasting in the context of degraded ecosystems restoration or threatened species conservation

The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Science of The Total Environment. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier B.V.The advent of increasingly stringent and wider ranging European Union legislation relating to water and the environment has required regulators to assess compliance risk and to respond by formulating appropriate pollution control measures. To support this process the UK Water Industry has completed a national Chemicals Investigation Programme (CIP), to monitor over 160 wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) for 70 determinands. Final effluent concentrations of zinc, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene), “penta” congeners (BDEs) 47 and 99, tributyltin, triclosan, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, ibuprofen, propranolol, fluoxetine, diclofenac, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol exceeded existing or proposed Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) in over 50% of WwTWs. Dilution by receiving water might ensure compliance with EQSs for these chemicals, apart from the BDEs. However, in some cases there will be insufficient dilution to ensure compliance and additional management options may be required

Fate of drugs during wastewater treatment

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2013 Elsevier B.V.Recent trends in the determination of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewaters focus on the development of rapid multi-residue methods. This review addresses recent analytical trends in drug determination in environmental matrices used to facilitate fate studies. Analytical requirements for further fate evaluation and tertiary process selection and optimization are also discussed.EPSRC, Northumbrian Water, Anglian Water, Severn Trent Water, Yorkshire Water, and United Utilities