Corrosion Inhibition Influence of the Synthetized Chromen-6-One Derivatives on Mild Steel in 1.0 M HCl Electrolyte: Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations

In this work, two new chromen-6-one derivatives (BCC), namely 7-phenyl-6H,7H-benzo[f]chromeno[4,3-b] chromen-6-one (BCC-Ph) and 7-(furan-2-yl)-6H, 7H-benzo[f] chromeno [4,3-b] chromen-6-one (BCC-Fur), were prepared and identified by spectroscopic technique (NMR). Their performances inhibitions were assessed by electrochemical measurements, and they confirmed and explained using scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and theoretical studies (DFT calculation and MD simulation). Both electrochemical techniques revealed that the obtained performance value rises with the content of inhibitors to reach 94.94% and 83.57% at 10-3 M BCC-Ph and BCC-Fur, correspondingly. Moreover, according to the PDP method, these compounds behave as mixed-type inhibitors in 1.0 M HCl medium. In addition, the influence of temperature indicated that the performance of the chromen-6-one derivatives slightly decreases with the temperature, and they are characterized by the physico-chemical adsorptions process with chemical dominance, and they act according to the Langmuir approach. The SEM/EDX analysis revealed a significant reduction of the heterogeneity of the metal surface by the establishment of anti-corrosive layer. Finally, the DFT calculations and MD simulation explain the mode of the chromen-6-one derivatives molecules adsorption, and confirm the obtained experimental results

Crustal types and Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Alborán sea, western Mediterranean

Multichannel seismic reflection images across the transition between the east Alborán and the Algero-Balearic basins show how crustal thickness decreases from about 5 s two-way traveltime (TWTT, ∼15 km thick) in the west (east Alborán basin) to ∼2 s TWTT typical of oceanic crust (∼6 km thick) in the east (Algero-Balearic basin). We have differentiated three different crustal domains in this transition, mainly on the basis of crustal thickness and seismic signature. Boundaries between the three crustal domains are transitional and lack evidence for major faults. Tilted blocks related to extension are very scarce and all sampled basement outcrops are volcanic, suggesting a strong relationship between magmatism and crustal structure. Stratigraphic correlation of lithoseismic units with sedimentary units of southeastern Betic basins indicates that sediments onlap igneous basement approximately at 12 Ma in the eastern area and at 8 Ma in the western area. Linking seismic crustal structure with magmatic geochemical evidence suggests that the three differentiated crustal domains may represent, from west to east, thin continental crust modified by arc magmatism, magmatic-arc crust, and oceanic crust. Middle to late Miocene arc and oceanic crust formation in the east Alborán and Algero-Balearic basins, respectively, occurred during westward migration of the Gibraltar accretionary wedge and shortening in the Betic-Rif foreland basins. Arc magmatism and associated backarc oceanic crust formation were related to early to middle Miocene subduction and rollback of the Flysch Trough oceanic basement. Subduction of this narrow slab beneath the Alborán basin was coeval with collision of the Alborán domain with the Iberian and African passive margins and subsequent subcontinental-lithosphere edge delamination along the Betic-Rif margins

What are the peripheral blood determinants for increased osteoclast formation in the various inflammatory diseases associated with bone loss?

Local priming of osteoclast precursors (OCp) has long been considered the main and obvious pathway that takes place in the human body, where local bone lining cells and RANKL-expressing osteocytes may facilitate the differentiation of OCp. However, priming of OCp away from bone, such as in inflammatory tissues, as revealed in peripheral blood, may represent a second pathway, particularly relevant in individuals who suffer from systemic bone loss such as prevalent in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we used a systematic approach to review the literature on osteoclast formation in peripheral blood in patients with inflammatory diseases associated with bone loss. Only studies that compared inflammatory (bone) disease with healthy controls in the same study were included. Using this core collection, it becomes clear that experimental osteoclastogenesis using peripheral blood from patients with bone loss diseases in prevalent diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis, and cancer-related osteopenia unequivocally point toward an intrinsically increased osteoclast formation and activation. In particular, such increased osteoclastogenesis already takes place without the addition of the classical osteoclastogenesis cytokines M-CSF and RANKL in vitro. We show that T-cells and monocytes as OCp are the minimal demands for such unstimulated osteoclast formation. In search for common and disease-specific denominators of the diseases with inflammation-driven bone loss, we demonstrate that altered T-cell activity and a different composition'such as the CD14+CD16+ vs. CD14+CD16- monocytes-and priming of OCp with increased M-CSF, RANKL, and TNF- α levels in peripheral blood play a role in increased osteoclast formation and activity. Future research will likely uncover the barcodes of the OCp in the various inflammatory diseases associated with bone loss

Metallo-Supramolecular Structures by Self-Assembly through Weak Interactions in Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of Adenine and Malonate

The reactions of sodium malonate with Co^II, Cu^II, or Zn^II salts in the presence of adenine afforded the compounds [Co­(7H-ade-N9)₂(H₂O)₄]­[Co­(κ²-mal)­(H₂O)₂]·4H₂O (<b>1</b>), _∞¹[Cu­(μ-mal)­(7H-ade-N9)­(μ₂-H₂O)] (<b>2</b>), and [Zn₂(μ-mal)₂(μ-7H-ade-N3,N9)₂(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O (<b>3</b>), all of which have been characterized by elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, FT-IR, electronic and EPR spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex <b>1</b> is an ion-pair product managed by charge-assisted noncovalent interactions. Complex <b>2</b> is formed by binuclear [Cu­(mal)­(Hade)­(H₂O)]₂ units bridged by malonate ligands, and 1D coordination polymeric chains are formed. Complex <b>3</b> is a centrosymmetric dimer, in which two Zn^II ions are bridged by two adenine ligands coordinated by N3 and N9 atoms from a pair of head-to-tail Hade ligands to give a μ-N3,N9 coordination mode. The metallo-supramolecular crystal structures of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> are essentially maintained by hydrogen-bonding and π,π-stacking interactions involving the adenine, the carboxylate groups, and water molecules of coordination and crystallization (in compounds <b>1</b> and <b>3</b>). In these structures, the nature of the malonate coordination is dependent on the metal, whereas the hydrogen bonding and π-stacking capabilities of the adenine ligand influence the interactions observed in forming the three-dimensional structures. The magnetic properties of <b>2</b> were investigated in the temperature range of 2–300 K. Overall, weak antiferromagnetic behavior occurs (J = −3 cm^–1) with a susceptibility maximum at 50 K, with the exchange pathway provided by aqua bridges [Cu–Cu separation of 3.3522(5) Å]. Very weak ferromagnetic interactions are also observed through the malonate ligand in an uncommon anti-skew noncoplanar coordination mode, with a copper–copper separation of 5.3828(5) Å. Magnetostructural comparisons with analogous compounds with oxo-bridged Cu­(II) binuclear complexes are also provided. Spectroscopic and thermal stability data for all complexes are described in detail