Caracterização dos quintais agroflorestais urbanos na cidade de Alta Floresta-MT

O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar os quintais agroflorestais urbanos, no município de Alta Floresta-MT, Brasil. Foram entrevistados 30 mantenedores utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os quintais possuem área média de 1,28 ha. O tempo médio de ocupação dos quintais é de 15 anos. Nenhum informante soube responder o que é um quintal agroflorestal. As espécies vegetais nos quintais possuem diversas origens. A periodicidade da manutenção dos quintais é diária. As tratos culturas são poda, desbrota, adubação, controle de formigas e cupins. Utilizam-se adubos químicos e agrotóxicos para o controle de espécies espontâneas, de insetos e doenças. Há criação de animais, além da presença de animais silvestres. Observou-se heterogeneidade na caracterização dos quintais agroflorestais urbanos.This study aimed to characterize urban agroforestry gardens and the profile of the maintainers of these, in the municipality of Alta Floresta-MT, Brazil. Thirty maintainers were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The gardens have an average area of 1.28 ha. The average time of occupancy of the yards is 15 years. No informant could answer what is an agroforestry yard. Plant species in backyards have diverse origins. The frequency of maintenance of gardens is daily. Culture treatments are pruning, thinning, fertilization, ant control and termites. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used for the control of spontaneous species of insects and diseases. There are farm animals and the presence of wild animals. There was heterogeneity in the characterization of urban agroforestry yards.Eje A5: Sistemas de conocimientoFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Caracterização dos quintais agroflorestais urbanos na cidade de Alta Floresta-MT

O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar os quintais agroflorestais urbanos, no município de Alta Floresta-MT, Brasil. Foram entrevistados 30 mantenedores utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os quintais possuem área média de 1,28 ha. O tempo médio de ocupação dos quintais é de 15 anos. Nenhum informante soube responder o que é um quintal agroflorestal. As espécies vegetais nos quintais possuem diversas origens. A periodicidade da manutenção dos quintais é diária. As tratos culturas são poda, desbrota, adubação, controle de formigas e cupins. Utilizam-se adubos químicos e agrotóxicos para o controle de espécies espontâneas, de insetos e doenças. Há criação de animais, além da presença de animais silvestres. Observou-se heterogeneidade na caracterização dos quintais agroflorestais urbanos.This study aimed to characterize urban agroforestry gardens and the profile of the maintainers of these, in the municipality of Alta Floresta-MT, Brazil. Thirty maintainers were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The gardens have an average area of 1.28 ha. The average time of occupancy of the yards is 15 years. No informant could answer what is an agroforestry yard. Plant species in backyards have diverse origins. The frequency of maintenance of gardens is daily. Culture treatments are pruning, thinning, fertilization, ant control and termites. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used for the control of spontaneous species of insects and diseases. There are farm animals and the presence of wild animals. There was heterogeneity in the characterization of urban agroforestry yards.Eje A5: Sistemas de conocimientoFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa

Improving collection efforts to avoid loss of biodiversity: lessons from comprehensive sampling of lycophytes and ferns in the subtropical Atlantic Forest

ABSTRACT Estimating species richness with herbarium data and new collections allows us to understand the distribution of diversity. We investigated the accuracy of lycophyte and fern sampling along a vegetation gradient in the subtropical Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. We compiled lycophyte and fern collection metadata and estimated species richness and assessed sampling accuracy for sixty 50 x 50 km units using ACE, Chao 1, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 estimators. We compiled data for 12,779 fern specimens of 441 species, 67 of which were sampled in only one unit (singletons) and 35 in two units (duplicates). Of the 60 units examined, only 11 had observed values that were above 70% of their estimated values, and 14 had observed levels between 65-70% of the estimated values, meaning that 35 units had a sampling accuracy of less than 65%. In spite of the long history of lycophyte and fern collecting in the study area, there remain units with a lower than expected sampling accuracy for a subtropical forest. This finding indicates that a sizeable collection effort is needed in order to discover the actual distribution of species before the effects of fragmentation and deforestation become permanent

On the relevance of floristic and quantitative studies to the restoration of degraded areas: the case of the Atlantic Forest hotspot<br />Running title: Insights for restoration in Atlantic Forest

Ecological restoration is an important tool for the conservation of hotspots, and floristic and structural studies can provide theoretical and empirical support for this practice. Our goal was to highlight the relevance of knowledge provided by these studies to the development and success of restoration programs conducted in degraded areas in the Atlantic Forest, a top global hotspot for biodiversity conservation. Through the assessment of articles, books, book chapters, government documents, dissertations and theses, we comment on how floristic and quantitative parameters can provide structure and dynamic information on biological populations existing at restoration sites, allowing for inferences regarding management practices and strategies for the restoration of degraded areas and conservation of biodiversity

Soil quality and its relationship with weeds in urban homegardens of Alta Floresta, southern Amazonia

Understanding the possible causes of differences in weed composition of homegardens is important to manage such environments and, thus, to control the propagation of weeds. One of the factors that could influence the differences in weed composition of homegardens is soil quality. Soil is a complex and dynamic component subject to change; adequate management is therefore indispensable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between soil quality and weed species in 30 urban homegardens in Southern Amazonia. We collected samples of the soil seed bank of weeds, calculated quantitative indices of these weed species, and performed an analysis of soil variables (pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, hydrogen, organic matter, sum basis, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and soil texture). We conducted a principal components analysis to condense the information contained in the soil variables in a small group of new dimensional compositions, a detrended correspondence analysis to investigate the floristic gradients, and a redundancy analysis to model the influence of soil variables on variation in weed spectrum. The soils under the studied urban homegardens showed a chemical quality mostly above the desired minimum of macronutrients, pH, and base saturation. Based on the correlation between the presence of weeds and the physico-chemical quality of the soil, we must recognize that we are still far from obtaining a satisfactory model that can explain the composition of weeds and their relation with soil fertility in urban homegardens93412231234FAPESP – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa Do Estado De São PauloNão te

Patterns of tree species variation across southern South America are shaped by environmental factors and historical processes

The southern portion of South America, which encompasses high and exceptional lineage diversity, is well-suited to studies addressing the interaction between biogeography and local environmental conditions and how this historical process and environmental variables affect distribution patterns. We here assessed the role of environmental variables and spatially autocorrelated processes in driving tree species distribution patterns in the whole southern South America forests. We compiled a dataset containing 110,087 occurrence records of 3183 species distributed into 742 sites across six countries and 13 biomes. We modeled the influence of both environmental and spatial variables related to geographic distribution limitations on the variations of species composition through partial canonical redundancy analysis. We built such models for each of our four datasets: the whole extratropical area of South America; Atlantic and Pampa Biomes; dry communities east of the Andes; and communities west of the Andes. Both spatial and environmental variables affect tree species composition in the southern region of South America, although a major role is played by the “pure” spatial fraction. This greatest significance of spatial structures reinforces the importance of historical process for this region and the floristic dissociation existing between the tropical and extratropical portion of South America. We argue that the southern South American forests (especially their temperate portion) should not be lumped into the Neotropical Floristic Province, an idea of utmost importance for the conservation of these high-diversity austral forests