Publisher Correction: Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper

Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology

Abstract: Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways

Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology

Abstract: Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways

Comparative Cell Biology in Diplomonads

The diplomonads are a diverse group of eukaryotic flagellates found in microaerophilic and anaerobic environments. The most studied diplomonad is the intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis, which infects a variety of mammals and cause diarrheal disease. Less is known about Spironucleus salmonicida, a parasite of salmonid fish, known to cause systemic infections with high mortality. We created a transfection system for S. salmonicida to study cellular functions and virulence in detail (Paper I). The system was applied to explore the mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) in S. salmonicida. We showed that S. salmonicida possesses a hydrogenosome (Paper II) with a higher metabolic capacity than the corresponding MRO of Giardia, the mitosome. Evolutionary analysis of key hydrogenosomal proteins showed ancient origin, indicating their presence in the ancestral diplomonad and subsequent loss in Giardia. Annexins are of evolutionary interest since these proteins are found across all kingdoms. Annexin-like proteins are intriguingly expanded into multigene families in Giardia and Spironucleus. The annexins of S. salmonicida were characterized (Paper III) with distinct localizations to various cellular structures, including a putative adhesion structure anterior in the cell. The disease-causing Giardia trophozoites differentiate into infectious cysts, a process essential for transmission and virulence of the parasite. Cysts are often spread via contaminated water and exposed to environmental stressors, such as UV irradiation. We studied the survival and transcriptional response to this stress factor (Paper IV) and results showed the importance of active DNA replication machinery for parasite survival after DNA damage. In addition, we studied transcriptional changes along the trajectory of encystation (Paper V), which revealed a coordinated cascade of gene regulation. This was observed for the entire transcriptome as well as putative regulators. Large transcriptional changes appeared late in the process with the majority of differentially regulated genes encoding hypothetical proteins. We studied the localizations of several of these to gain information of their possible function. To conclude, the diplomonads are complex eukaryotic microbes with cellular processes adjusted to match their life styles. The work in this thesis has provided insight of their adaptations, differences and similarities, but also new interesting leads for future studies of diplomonad biology and virulence.

Idrott o Hälsa tråkigt och jobbigt : Icke deltagande fordonselevers inställning till ämnet

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka skäl fordonselever anger för att inte delta i undervisningen i Idrott o Hälsa samt att undersöka hur dessa elever ser på motion och träning. En övergripande enkätundersökning har använts där sammanlagt 75 elever deltog. Av dessa uppgav 25 elever att de ibland, sällan och aldrig deltar i idrottsundervisningen och det är dessa svar jag har valt att arbeta med i studien. Utöver enkätundersökningen utfördes även sex intervjuer, fyra med elever med hög frånvaro samt två lärare, för att få en djupare insikt och ett annat perspektiv på problemet. De flesta eleverna angav att idrottsundervisningen var tråkig och jobbig som skäl till att inte delta, varav innehållet verkade vara den största orsaken

Comparative Cell Biology in Diplomonads

The diplomonads are a diverse group of eukaryotic flagellates found in microaerophilic and anaerobic environments. The most studied diplomonad is the intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis, which infects a variety of mammals and cause diarrheal disease. Less is known about Spironucleus salmonicida, a parasite of salmonid fish, known to cause systemic infections with high mortality. We created a transfection system for S. salmonicida to study cellular functions and virulence in detail (Paper I). The system was applied to explore the mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) in S. salmonicida. We showed that S. salmonicida possesses a hydrogenosome (Paper II) with a higher metabolic capacity than the corresponding MRO of Giardia, the mitosome. Evolutionary analysis of key hydrogenosomal proteins showed ancient origin, indicating their presence in the ancestral diplomonad and subsequent loss in Giardia. Annexins are of evolutionary interest since these proteins are found across all kingdoms. Annexin-like proteins are intriguingly expanded into multigene families in Giardia and Spironucleus. The annexins of S. salmonicida were characterized (Paper III) with distinct localizations to various cellular structures, including a putative adhesion structure anterior in the cell. The disease-causing Giardia trophozoites differentiate into infectious cysts, a process essential for transmission and virulence of the parasite. Cysts are often spread via contaminated water and exposed to environmental stressors, such as UV irradiation. We studied the survival and transcriptional response to this stress factor (Paper IV) and results showed the importance of active DNA replication machinery for parasite survival after DNA damage. In addition, we studied transcriptional changes along the trajectory of encystation (Paper V), which revealed a coordinated cascade of gene regulation. This was observed for the entire transcriptome as well as putative regulators. Large transcriptional changes appeared late in the process with the majority of differentially regulated genes encoding hypothetical proteins. We studied the localizations of several of these to gain information of their possible function. To conclude, the diplomonads are complex eukaryotic microbes with cellular processes adjusted to match their life styles. The work in this thesis has provided insight of their adaptations, differences and similarities, but also new interesting leads for future studies of diplomonad biology and virulence.

Comparative Cell Biology in Diplomonads

The diplomonads are a diverse group of eukaryotic flagellates found in microaerophilic and anaerobic environments. The most studied diplomonad is the intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis, which infects a variety of mammals and cause diarrheal disease. Less is known about Spironucleus salmonicida, a parasite of salmonid fish, known to cause systemic infections with high mortality. We created a transfection system for S. salmonicida to study cellular functions and virulence in detail (Paper I). The system was applied to explore the mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) in S. salmonicida. We showed that S. salmonicida possesses a hydrogenosome (Paper II) with a higher metabolic capacity than the corresponding MRO of Giardia, the mitosome. Evolutionary analysis of key hydrogenosomal proteins showed ancient origin, indicating their presence in the ancestral diplomonad and subsequent loss in Giardia. Annexins are of evolutionary interest since these proteins are found across all kingdoms. Annexin-like proteins are intriguingly expanded into multigene families in Giardia and Spironucleus. The annexins of S. salmonicida were characterized (Paper III) with distinct localizations to various cellular structures, including a putative adhesion structure anterior in the cell. The disease-causing Giardia trophozoites differentiate into infectious cysts, a process essential for transmission and virulence of the parasite. Cysts are often spread via contaminated water and exposed to environmental stressors, such as UV irradiation. We studied the survival and transcriptional response to this stress factor (Paper IV) and results showed the importance of active DNA replication machinery for parasite survival after DNA damage. In addition, we studied transcriptional changes along the trajectory of encystation (Paper V), which revealed a coordinated cascade of gene regulation. This was observed for the entire transcriptome as well as putative regulators. Large transcriptional changes appeared late in the process with the majority of differentially regulated genes encoding hypothetical proteins. We studied the localizations of several of these to gain information of their possible function. To conclude, the diplomonads are complex eukaryotic microbes with cellular processes adjusted to match their life styles. The work in this thesis has provided insight of their adaptations, differences and similarities, but also new interesting leads for future studies of diplomonad biology and virulence.

Ekonomistyrning i kreativa processer -En förutsättning eller en begränsning?

Titel: Ekonomistyrning i kreativa processer - En förutsättning eller en begränsning? Problem: Ekonomistyrning och kreativitet är två viktiga drivkrafter för organisatorisk framgång och det är därför viktigt att förstå hur dessa drivkrafter kan samverka. Det finns dock delade meningar om relationen mellan ekonomistyrning och kreativitet. Viss forskning visar på att kreativitet och styrning kan samverka och att styrning har en positiv inverkan på kreativitet medan annan forskning visar på att styrning har en begränsande inverkan på kreativitet och att de båda drivkrafterna är motstridiga. Detta delade budskap motiverar vidare studier om vad som begränsar och möjliggör inom relationen ekonomistyrning och kreativitet. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka ekonomistyrning och dess inverkan på den kreativa processen. För att besvara syftet finns det en anledning att fördjupa sig i den kreativa processen och hur den påverkas av styrning. Genom denna fördjupning kan vi lokalisera komponenter som kan skapa förutsättningar och/eller begränsningar för kreativitet. Metod: En kvalitativ forskningsmetod har tillämpats i denna studie i form av fem intervjuer och ett antal observationer på företaget där studien har genomförts. Slutsats: Studien har lokaliserat en mix av Simons fyra kategorier av styrning men med en viss avsaknad av diagnostic control systems. Studien visar att användning av boundary systems är en förutsättning för kreativitet och att den individuella kreativiteten ej påverkas av avståndet mellan mål och uppföljning. Diagnostic control inverkar varken positivt eller negativt på kreativitet. Interactive control systems tillsammans med boundary systems har visat sig vara en förutsättning för kreativitet. Studien visar att styrning i kombination med kreativitet sker framgångsrikt genom kommunikation, då det uppmanar till att fatta lämpliga, men trygga beslut som överensstämmer med företagets värderingar. Vidare har vi lokaliserat följande förutsättningar för kreativitet: Autonomi och frihet, arbete i tvärfunktionella grupper, platt organisationsstruktur, kunskap och expertis, utbildning och kompetensutveckling, kommunikation av företagskultur och värdering samt arbetsmiljö. Studien visar att belastning kan vara både en förutsättning och en begränsning för kreativitet. Studien har lokaliserat följande begränsningar för kreativitet: resurser i form av system, informationshantering, osäkerheter, risker och hot. Dessa faktorer hindrar i hög mån hur man kan arbeta och begränsar kreativitet. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning som menar på att utmanande arbetsuppgifter är en förutsättning för kreativitet, så visar studien på att ett arbete med enbart utmanande arbetsuppgifter snarare begränsar kreativiteten då man inte alltid kan verka på en utmanande nivå. Den individuella motivationen kan inte ständigt utmanas, utan mindre utmanande arbetsuppgifter behövs