203 research outputs found
Paleoecological changes in Lake Funda (Flores Island, Azores): tracking human impacts in a remote island lake throughout the past millennium
III International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation - La Réunion 8-13 JulyPrevious studies on lacustrine sedimentary sequences in the Azores show that climate variability
and vulcanism along with the arrival of humans played a signi#12;cant role in the recent development of
these insular Azorean ecosystems. However, the timing and rate of anthropogenic impacts on these
lakes is poorly constrained. Paleoecological research allows us to reconstruct ecological conditions prior
to and after human settlement, thereby contributing to our understanding of how species and island
ecosystems responded to both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. To assess both types of impacts
over the last 1000 years, we analysed the elemental geochemistry on bulk organic matter, diatoms, and
chironomid remains in a 994 cm-long sediment core recovered from Lake Funda (Flores Island, Azores)
in 2017. Preliminary results from Lake Funda show that human colonization was the main driver
of ecological changes. We identi#12;ed three major ecological phases: (1) 950-1350 yr AD, a pristine
lake ecosystem with mesotrophic diatom taxa, including benthic and tychoplanktonic life-forms, and
free-living chironomids species representing an undisturbed environment; 2) 1350-1450 yr AD, the release
of cattle and gradual forest clearance lead to an increase in nutrient inputs and the start of the
human-impacted phase; and, (3) after Portuguese settlement, from 1450 yr AD to present, a second
human-impacted phase resulted in lake eutrophication and the development of an anoxic hypolimnion
due to an increase of nutrient loading. The #12;rst anthropogenic phase resulted in a drastic 50% decline of
the overall biodiversity with a shift to planktonic diatom species and free-living chironomids, while the
second was characterised by a substantial reduction in the density of chironomids and diatom assemblage
shifts towards the dominance of Aulacoseira granulata and A. ambigua suggesting a shift in lake
trophy. Other external drivers like major climate oscillations likely play a role within these phases as
well. Our study demonstrates the sensitivity of aquatic ecosystems in remote islands to anthropogenic
impacts that have the ability to overtake natural forces of variability (i.e., climate).This research is funded by FCT (SFRH/BPD/99461/2014), and through the funded research projects PaleoNAO(CGL2010-15767), RapidNAO (CGL2013-40608-R), PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2), DISCOVERA-ZORES (PTDC/CTA-AMB/28511/2017) and the Luso-America
Mid-to-Late Holocene environmental reconstruction on Pico Island (Azores, Portugal) based on multiproxy analysis of Lake Caveiro sediments
The Azores constitutes the most remote archipelago of the North Atlantic Ocean. Both human
colonization and natural changes have significantly modified its ecosystems. To assess the
impacts of natural and anthropogenic changes over the last 8200 yr, elemental geochemistry on
bulk organic matter, diatoms, Cladocera and chironomid remains were analyzed in a 952-cm long
sediment (3.7m depth) from Lake Caveiro.
From 8200 to 650 cal yr BP, climatic and volcanic forcing seem to have been the main drivers of
biological change. Between 8200 and 6000 cal yr BP, the sedimentary sequence was
characterized by dominance of volcaniclastic deposits and high abundance of aerophilic diatoms
and sparse Cladocera and chironomid remains. This interval has been interpreted as indicative of
unstable conditions because of intermittent renewal of lake bottom substratum owing to repetitive
tephra sedimentation. Between 6000 and 3500 cal yr BP, fossil assemblages were dominated by
benthic species, with an increasing trend of the planktonic/benthic (P:B) ratio, suggesting stable
substratum and rising lake levels. An increase in planktonic taxa and the presence of deep-water
chironomid species was found between 3500 and 1300 cal yr BP, suggesting a highstand phase.
Between 1300 and 650 cal yr BP, a decreasing trend of the P:B ratio was recorded, implying a
further lake shallowing. Moreover, the appearance of flowing water species suggests a period
characterized by climate instability. From 650 cal yr BP to the present, a significant increase in
primary production and a decline in species richness likely reflect anthropogenic impacts, such as
forest clearance and the introduction of exotic species. These results highlight the impact that
human, volcanic and climatic drivers have had on the environmental evolution of the ecosystems
of Pico Island.This research is funded by Spanish projects PaleoNAO (CGL2010-15767), RapidNAO (CGL2013-40608-R) and PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2).Peer Reviewe
Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Atmospheric parameters, such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density,
affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic
rays. We have studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air
showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The
rate of events shows a ~10% seasonal modulation and ~2% diurnal one. We find
that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects
associated with the variations of pressure and density. The former affects the
longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Moliere
radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is
validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric
profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle
Physic
The Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy
cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at
ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development
of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector
comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen
fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this
paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its
optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for
relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the
monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and
precision of shower reconstructions.Comment: 53 pages. Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research Section
The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level
and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the
atmosphere above the array. The "hybrid" detection mode combines the
information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the
hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in
coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A
detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is
crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of
monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the
fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are
used in both simulation and reconstruction.Comment: Paper accepted by Astroparticle Physic
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