Explanatory dimensions and results from socio-demographic and socio-laboral variables in leadership styles

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue examinar la influencia de las variables socio-demográficas y socio-laborales en los estilos de liderazgo de diversos líderes ecuatorianos de sectores comunitarios, privados y públicos; así como identificar las dimensiones de los estilos de liderazgo que inciden significativamente en las variables de resultado: eficiencia, eficacia y satisfacción. A partir de la aplicación empírica y de los análisis realizados mediante las técnicas estadísticas Anova y análisis de regresión y correlación los resultados muestran la preeminencia explicativa de variables sociodemográficas (especialmente la edad y el nivel educativo) sobre aquellas propias del contexto socio-laboral en el desarrollo de los estilos de liderazgo, así como la importancia de los componentes propios del liderazgo transformacional en la comprensión de las variables de resultado esperadas en las personas que ejercen roles de liderazgo.The aim of this study was to examine the influence of socio-demographic and socio-labor variables in the leadership styles of various Ecuadorian leaders from community private and public sectors; besides identify the dimensions of leadership styles that significantly affect the outcome variables: efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction. From the empirical application carried out and the analyzes performed using statistical techniques like Anova and regression analysis and correlation results show the explanatory preeminence of socio demographic variables (especially age and educational level) over the specific socio-labor variables in the development of leadership styles, as well as the importance of the own components of transformational leadership in the comprehension of the expected result outcomes variables in people who exercise leadership roles

Effects of Leadership Training from Full Range Theory

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos del entrenamiento del programa de formación "Liderazgo Transformacional Ecuador 2014" en resultados de liderazgo como eficacia, satisfacción, extra esfuerzo desde la teoría de rango completo planteada por Bass (1985). En la fase de levantamiento de información se aplicó el Cuestionario Multifactorial de Liderazgo (MLQ) validado por Bass y Avolio (1991), durante tres momentos del proceso y con ello se consolidó una muestra pareada; a partir de la cual, se generaron análisis de regresión y correlación, que muestran la preeminencia explicativa en todas las dimensiones del estilo de liderazgo transformacional (estimulación intelectual, motivación inspiracional, influencia idealizada atributos, influencia idealizada comportamiento, consideración individual) y dos dimensiones del liderazgo transaccional (recompensa contingente y dirección por excepción activa) que inciden en los resultados de un líder.This article aims to analyze the effects of the training program "Transformational Leadership Ecuador 2014" on leadership results such as effectiveness, satisfaction and extra effort according to full range theory raised by Bass (1985). In the information gathering phase, the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), validated by Bass and Avolio (1991), was applied on three different moments of the training process and a paired sample was created. Then, regression and correlation analysis showed that all dimensions included in the survey have explanatory preeminence in transformational leadership style (intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, influences of idealized influence, influence of idealized behavior, individual consideration) and also in two dimensions of transactional leadership (contingent reward and active management by exception) that affect the results of a leader

Development and validation of a clinical score to estimate progression to severe or critical state in Covid-19 pneumonia hospitalized patients

The prognosis of a patient with Covid-19 pneumonia is uncertain. Our objective was to establish a predictive model of disease progression to facilitate early decision-making. A retrospective study was performed of patients admitted with Covid-19 pneumonia, classified as severe (admission to the intensive care unit, mechanic invasive ventilation, or death) or non-severe. A predictive model based on clinical, analytical, and radiological parameters was built. The probability of progression to severe disease was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Calibration and discrimination (receiver operating characteristics curves and AUC) were assessed to determine model performance. During the study period 1,152 patients presented with Covid-19 infection, of whom 229 (19.9%) were admitted for pneumonia. During hospitalization, 51 (22.3%) progressed to severe disease, of whom 26 required ICU care (11.4); 17 (7.4%) underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 32 (14%) died of any cause. Five predictors determined within 24 hours of admission were identified: Diabetes, Age, Lymphocyte count, SaO2, and pH (DALSH score). The prediction model showed a good clinical performance, including discrimination (AUC 0.87 CI 0.81, 0.92) and calibration (Brier score = 0.11). In total, 0%, 12%, and 50% of patients with severity risk scores ≤5%, 6-25%, and >25% exhibited disease progression, respectively. A simple risk score based on five factors predicts disease progression and facilitates early decision-making according to prognosis.Carlos III Health Institute, Spain, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SPAIN) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)Instituto de Salud Carlos II

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

VIII Encuentro de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia del Diseño, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad

Acta de congresoLa conmemoración de los cien años de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918 se presentó como una ocasión propicia para debatir el rol de la historia, la teoría y la crítica en la formación y en la práctica profesional de diseñadores, arquitectos y urbanistas. En ese marco el VIII Encuentro de Docentes e Investigadores en Historia del Diseño, la Arquitectura y la Ciudad constituyó un espacio de intercambio y reflexión cuya realización ha sido posible gracias a la colaboración entre Facultades de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño de la Universidad Nacional y la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, contando además con la activa participación de mayoría de las Facultades, Centros e Institutos de Historia de la Arquitectura del país y la región. Orientado en su convocatoria tanto a docentes como a estudiantes de Arquitectura y Diseño Industrial de todos los niveles de la FAUD-UNC promovió el debate de ideas a partir de experiencias concretas en instancias tales como mesas temáticas de carácter interdisciplinario, que adoptaron la modalidad de presentación de ponencias, entre otras actividades. En el ámbito de VIII Encuentro, desarrollado en la sede Ciudad Universitaria de Córdoba, se desplegaron numerosas posiciones sobre la enseñanza, la investigación y la formación en historia, teoría y crítica del diseño, la arquitectura y la ciudad; sumándose el aporte realizado a través de sus respectivas conferencias de Ana Clarisa Agüero, Bibiana Cicutti, Fernando Aliata y Alberto Petrina. El conjunto de ponencias que se publican en este Repositorio de la UNC son el resultado de dos intensas jornadas de exposiciones, cuyos contenidos han posibilitado actualizar viejos dilemas y promover nuevos debates. El evento recibió el apoyo de las autoridades de la FAUD-UNC, en especial de la Secretaría de Investigación y de la Biblioteca de nuestra casa, como así también de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la UCC; va para todos ellos un especial agradecimiento

Exploración de la situación bilingüe en los escolares de Melilla : propuestas y estrategias de intervención educativa

Conocer la naturaleza y peculiaridades del bilingüísmo tamazight-castellano de los escolares musulmanes de Melilla. Valorar la influencia de la escolarización y de la clase social, tanto en EGB como en educación infantil, en la comprensión y expresión verbal del castellano en estos escolares. Poner en marcha un programa de intervención educativa destinado a compensar y mejorar el dominio lingüístico y el rendimiento escolar. Planteamiento de hipótesis. 285 sujetos (137 niñas y 144 niños) de los colegios Velázquez, Reyes Católicos y León Solá de Melilla, 166 alumnos son de origen beréber y bilingües; el resto, 119 son de origen europeo y monolingües. Dos fases. La primera consiste en la recogida de datos para hacer un diagnóstico de la situación, a través de la exploración de las habilidades psicolingüísticas de los niños de origen beréber, en comparación con los niños de habla castellana. En la segunda se trabaja con dos aulas de educación infantil. Una de ellas sirve como grupo experimental donde, a lo largo de cinco meses, se lleva a cabo un programa de intervención. La otra clase sirve como grupo de control para comprobar la eficacia del programa. Test Illinois de aptitudes psicolingüísticas, ITPA. Tablas. El grupo bilingüe obtiene peores resultados que el grupo monolingüe, prácticamente en todas las pruebas, aunque las diferencias son mayores en las pruebas relacionadas con la comprensión y expresión verbal. Los niños bilingües de extracción socioeconómica más favorable obtienen mejores resultados que los niños de nivel socioeconómico bajo. La escolaridad, influye positivamente en las habilidades psicolingüísticas del grupo bilingüe, así como el hecho de estar escolarizados en educación infantil. La intervención educativa mejora los niveles de competencia del grupo experimental. Ponen de manifiesto la influencia decisiva de la educación infantil para mejorar la adquisición y el aprendizaje de estrategias lingüísticas, compensando de este modo algunas de las dificultades que respecto a estos aprendizajes tienen los alumnos procedentes de ambientes socioculturales y familiares poco estimulantes.Ministerio Educación CIDEBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; Fax +34917748026; [email protected]

Long-term impact of an educational antimicrobial stewardship programme in primary care on infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the community: an interrupted time-series analysis

PIRASOA-FIS team.[Background] There is little evidence on the ecological effect and sustainability of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in primary-care settings. We aimed to determine whether a multimodal, educational ASP would be sustainable in the long-term and reduce the incidence of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the community by optimising antibiotic use.[Methods] We did this quasi-experimental intervention study in 214 primary health centres of four primary health-care districts in Andalusia, Spain. Local multidisciplinary teams, comprised of general practitioners, paediatricians, primary-care pharmacists, and epidemiologists, were created in each district and implemented a multimodal, education-based ASP. The core activity of the programme consisted of regular one-to-one educational interviews between a reference interviewing physician and prescribing physicians from each centre on the appropriateness of their most recent (same or preceding day) antibiotic prescriptions based on a structured questionnaire. Appropriate prescribing was defined as compliance of all checklist items with the reference guidelines. An average of five educational interviews were scheduled per prescriber per study year. We did an interrupted time-series analysis to assess the effect of the intervention on quarterly antibiotic use (prescription and collection by the patient) and quality of prescriptions (as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day) and incidence per 1000 inhabitants of E coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) isolated from urine samples.[Findings] The study was done between January, 2012, and December, 2017, in a pre-intervention period of 2012–13 and an intervention period of 2014–17. Throughout the study period, there were 1387 physicians (1116 general practicioners and 271 paediatricians) in the included health centres serving a mean population of 1 937 512 people (299 331 children and 1 638 181 adults). 24 150 educational interviews were done over the 4 years. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was identified in 1794 (36·5%) of 4917 educational interviews in 2014 compared with 1793 (26·9%) of 6665 in 2017 (p<0·0001). The intervention was associated with a sustained reduction in the use of ciprofloxacin (relative effect −15·9%, 95% CI −23·9 to −8·0) and cephalosporins (−22·6%, −35·9 to −9·2), and a sustained increase in the use of amoxicillin (22·2%, 6·4 to 38·0) and fosfomycin trometamol (6·1%, 2·6 to 9·6). The incidence density of ESBL-producing E coli decreased by −0·028 cases per 1000 inhabitants (95% CI −0·034 to −0·021) after the start of the programme, reversing the pre-intervention increase and leading to a relative reduction of −65·6% (−68·2 to −63·0) 4 years later.[Interpretation] Our data suggest that implementation of a multimodal ASP in primary care that is based on individual educational interviews improves the use of antibiotics and results in a sustained significant reduction of infections by ESBL-producing E coli in the community. This information should encourage the implementation of ASPs in primary care.Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Government (PI14/01523)

GUÍA DE ORIENTACIÓN DEL TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER DEL MAES. Curso 19-20

Orientaciones destinadas al alumnado del Máster Universitario en Profesorado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanza de Idiomas (MAES) para la realización del Trabajo Fin de Máster