Innovative development : international experience of intellectual property commercialization

Commercialization model of intellectual property products in a coordinated and integral unity with socio-economic mechanisms based on the best global achievements in this field is considered. A social, economic, and historical substantiation of general civilizational and unique features of the formation and development of venture management mechanisms for intellectual property is given. It is shown that formation of socio-economic foundations for innovative development of the country has been very difficult, painful, and contradictory. In the process of education and science system reforming, goals are sometimes replaced by means, reforms appear to be self-sufficient values; market economy levers, while being a way of the most complete satisfaction of individual creative needs, turn into their opposite. Traditional methods of managing scientific activity in the context of social instability do not contribute to creation of a climate and a space that would be conducive to scientific and technical work and based on the freedom of enterprise, which includes such components as creativity, risk appetite, independent choice of alternatives, self-initiative, business culture, and others. A scientifically based and technologized concept of transferring intellectual products is presented. It is proved that only by adequately comprehending the nature of venture business, having reliably determined its social, economic, and psychological parameters, its role in the socio-political and economic self-organization of society, one can possibly speak with some degree of predictability and foreseeability about effectively mainstreaming positive factors of an innovative breakthrough in Russia.peer-reviewe

ADAPTATION OF IN VITRO BLACKBERRY PLANTS TO FIELD ENVIRONMENTS

Iability of blackberry accessions in vivo after in vitro culture storage was analyzed. Phenological development phases of adult plants, crop yield and water regime were studied in the field. Adaptability of the accessions to adverse environmental factors (frost, drought and heat resistance, resistance to fungal infections) was evaluated

In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging (BLI): Noninvasive Visualization and Interrogation of Biological Processes in Living Animals

In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is increasingly being utilized as a method for modern biological research. This process, which involves the noninvasive interrogation of living animals using light emitted from luciferase-expressing bioreporter cells, has been applied to study a wide range of biomolecular functions such as gene function, drug discovery and development, cellular trafficking, protein-protein interactions, and especially tumorigenesis, cancer treatment, and disease progression. This article will review the various bioreporter/biosensor integrations of BLI and discuss how BLI is being applied towards a new visual understanding of biological processes within the living organism

Advances in PET Detection of the Antitumor T Cell Response

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive imaging technique able to measure distinct biological processes in vivo by administration of a radiolabeled probe. Whole-body measurements track the probe accumulation providing a means to measure biological changes such as metabolism, cell location, or tumor burden. PET can also be applied to both preclinical and clinical studies providing three-dimensional information. For immunotherapies (in particular understanding T cell responses), PET can be utilized for spatial and longitudinal tracking of T lymphocytes. Although PET has been utilized clinically for over 30 years, the recent development of additional PET radiotracers have dramatically expanded the use of PET to detect endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells in vivo. Novel probes have identified changes in T cell quantity, location, and function. This has enabled investigators to track T cells outside of the circulation and in hematopoietic organs such as spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, or within tumors. In this review, we cover advances in PET detection of the antitumor T cell response and areas of focus for future studies

Site-Specifically Labeled Immunoconjugates for Molecular Imaging—Part 1: Cysteine Residues and Glycans

Due to their remarkable selectivity and specificity for cancer biomarkers, immunoconjugates have emerged as extremely promising vectors for the delivery of diagnostic radioisotopes and fluorophores to malignant tissues. Paradoxically, however, these tools for precision medicine are synthesized in a remarkably imprecise way. Indeed, the vast majority of immunoconjugates are created via the random conjugation of bifunctional probes (e.g., DOTA-NCS) to amino acids within the antibody (e.g., lysines). Yet antibodies have multiple copies of these residues throughout their macromolecular structure, making control over the location of the conjugation reaction impossible. This lack of site specificity can lead to the formation of poorly defined, heterogeneous immunoconjugates with suboptimal in vivo behavior. Over the past decade, interest in the synthesis and development of site-specifically labeled immunoconjugates—both antibody-drug conjugates as well as constructs for in vivo imaging—has increased dramatically, and a number of reports have suggested that these better defined, more homogeneous constructs exhibit improved performance in vivo compared to their randomly modified cousins. In this two-part review, we seek to provide an overview of the various methods that have been developed to create site-specifically modified immunoconjugates for positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and fluorescence imaging. We will begin with an introduction to the structure of antibodies and antibody fragments. This is followed by the core of the work: sections detailing the four different approaches to site-specific modification strategies based on cysteine residues, glycans, peptide tags, and unnatural amino acids. These discussions will be divided into two installments: cysteine residues and glycans will be detailed in Part 1 of the review, while peptide tags and unnatural amino acids will be addressed in Part 2. Ultimately, we sincerely hope that this review fosters interest and enthusiasm for site-specific immunoconjugates within the nuclear medicine and molecular imaging communities

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF BLACKBERRY AND RASPBERRY FRUITSTALKS IN CONNECTION WITH THE QUALITY OF THE BERRIES

Presented here are the results of the study of the anatomical structure of fruitstalks in normally developed, underdeveloped and fasciated fruits of blackberry and raspberry. Specific features of the structure of tissues and vascular bundles are shown