Real-world evidence on the effectiveness and safety of gliclazide extended release treatment in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing Ramadan fast: an analysis from the global DIA-RAMADAN study

Context and Aim: Glycemic imbalance, especially hypoglycemia, is one of the greatest risks for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during Ramadan fasting. This paper outlines the efficacy and safety of gliclazide extended release (XR) in Indian patients with T2DM enrolled in the global DIA-RAMADAN study. Methods and Material: Adults (aged ≥18 years) with T2DM who chose to fast during Ramadan and received a gliclazide-based regimen once daily for 90 days before Ramadan were included in the study. Baseline and end-of-study visits were conducted 6–8 weeks before and 4–6 weeks after Ramadan, respectively. Primary outcome was the incidence of ≥1 symptomatic hypoglycemic event (HE). Changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and body weight were secondary outcomes. Results: Among 246 Indian patients enrolled in the study, most (78.9%, n=194) were at moderate/low risk as per the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan guidelines. Most patients (69.1%) received gliclazide XR as monotherapy, and the rest received gliclazide XR with metformin or other antidiabetic therapy. Significant reductions in HbA1c (−0.5±0.8%, P<0.001) and FPG (−21.8±59.4 mg/dL, P<0.001) levels were observed but the slight reduction in body weight was not statistically significant (−0.3±3.7 kg, P=0.614) in patients post-Ramadan. Overall, no HE was reported in Indian patients with T2DM during Ramadan fasting. Conclusion: Overall, the effectiveness and safety of gliclazide XR in Indian patients was consistent with that observed in the global cohort. Gliclazide XR significantly reduced HbA1c with no incidence of hypoglycemic events in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing Ramadan fast, suggesting that gliclazide XR may be used without dose modification at Iftar to maintain optimal glycemic control during Ramadan

Polyaniline–carbon nanotube composite film for cholesterol biosensor

Nanocomposite film composed of polyaniline (PANI) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), prepared electrophoretically onto indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass plate, was used for covalent immobilization of cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) via N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry. Results of linear sweep voltammetric measurements reveal that ChOx/PANI-MWCNT/ITO bioelectrode can detect cholesterol in the range of 1.29 to 12.93 mM with high sensitivity of 6800 nA mM(-1) and a fast response time of 10 s. Photometric studies for ChOx/PANI-MWCNT/ITO bioelectrode indicate that it is thermally stable LIP to 45 degrees C and has a shelf life of approximately 12 weeks when stored at 4 degrees C. The results of these studies have implications for the application of this interesting matrix (PANI-MWCNT) toward the development of other biosensors

Nanostructured conducting polymer based reagentless capacitive immunosensor

Nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) film electrophoretically fabricated onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass plate has been utilized for development of an immunosensor based on capacitance change of a parallel plate capacitor (PPC) by covalently immobilizing anti-human IgG (Anti-HIgG) using N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. These fabricated PANI/ITO and Anti-HIgG/PANI/ITO plates have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and Fourier transform infra-red studies. The capacitance measurements indicate that dielectric medium of this biologically modified PPC (Anti-HIgG/PANI/ITO) is sensitive to HIgG in 5− 5×105 ng mL−1 range and has lower detection limit of 1.87 ng mL−1. The observed results reveal that this Anti- HIgG modified PPC can be used as a robust, easy-to-use, reagentless, sensitive and selective immunosensor for estimation of human IgG

Preparation of polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite by novel electrophoretic route

A nano-structured composite film comprising of emeraldine salt (ES) and carboxyl group functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-c) has been electrophoretically pre- pared from their colloidal suspension on an indium–tin–oxide (ITO) coated glass plate. This nano-structured composite film (ES/MWCNT-c) has been characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AFM studies reveal porous morphology with uniformly distributed MWCNT-c in this composite film. The SEM and TEM investigations reveal wrapping of MWCNT-c with the chains of ES. UV–visible and FT-IR investigations show the formation of MWCNT-c doped composite at the molecular level. The results of the CV and EIS studies indicate enhanced electrochemical and charge transfer behavior of the composite. The application of ES/MWCNT-c/ITO electrode to biosensor for cholesterol indicates short response time (10 s)and high sensitivity (6800 nA mM1)