Exposición en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Microbiología: explorando más allá de lo visible

Esta exposición sobre microbiología que se puede visitar en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales del 9 de Septiembre a 8 de Diciembre de 2021, es el resultado de la colaboración entre la Sociedad Española de Microbiología (SEM) y el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), en el año del 75 aniversario de esta Sociedad (1946-2021) (Fig. 1). El objetivo principal de esta exposición es poner de manifiesto la importancia de los microorganismos en nuestras vidas, sus Exposición en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Microbiología: explorando más allá de lo visible ASUNCIÓN DE LOS RÍOS MURILLO Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - CSIC [email protected] Figura 1. Aspecto general de la sección introductoria de la exposición. Autor de la imagen: Jose Mª Cazcarra. numerosos efectos beneficiosos y la gran variedad de aplicaciones que pueden tener en diferentes campos como la biotecnología, la protección del medioambiente o la medicina

The global contribution of soil mosses to ecosystem services

Soil mosses are among the most widely distributed organisms on land. Experiments and observations suggest that they contribute to terrestrial soil biodiversity and function, yet their ecological contribution to soil has never been assessed globally under natural conditions. Here we conducted the most comprehensive global standardized field study to quantify how soil mosses influence 8 ecosystem services associated with 24 soil biodiversity and functional attributes across wide environmental gradients from all continents. We found that soil mosses are associated with greater carbon sequestration, pool sizes for key nutrients and organic matter decomposition rates but a lower proportion of soil-borne plant pathogens than unvegetated soils. Mosses are especially important for supporting multiple ecosystem services where vascular-plant cover is low. Globally, soil mosses potentially support 6.43 Gt more carbon in the soil layer than do bare soils. The amount of soil carbon associated with mosses is up to six times the annual global carbon emissions from any altered land use globally. The largest positive contribution of mosses to soils occurs under a high cover of mat and turf mosses, in less-productive ecosystems and on sandy and salty soils. Our results highlight the contribution of mosses to soil life and functions and the need to conserve these important organisms to support healthy soils.The study work associated with this paper was funded by a Large Research Grant from the British Ecological Society (no. LRB17\1019; MUSGONET). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. M.D.-B. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2018-025483-I), a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I + D + i (PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033a) and a project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andalucía (P20_00879). E.G. is supported by the European Research Council grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT). M.B. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). A.d.l.R is supported by the AEI project PID2019-105469RB-C22. L.W. and Jianyong Wang are supported by the Program for Introducing Talents to Universities (B16011) and the Ministry of Education Innovation Team Development Plan (2013-373). The contributions of T.G. and T.U.N. were supported by the Research Program in Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) and the research projects J4-3098 and J4-4547 of the Slovenian Research Agency. The contribution of P.B.R. was supported by the NSF Biological Integration Institutes grant DBI-2021898. J. Durán and A. Rodríguez acknowledge support from the FCT (2020.03670.CEECIND and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)

RESCUhE Project: Cultural Heritage vulnerability in a changing and directional climate

[EN] RESCUhE Project (Improving structural RESilience of Cultural HEritage to directional extreme hydro-meteorological events in the context of the Climate Change) is a coordinated IGME-UAM research project funded by Spanish Government (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). The framework of this research is the predicted increase in climate change vulnerability of heritage sites and the current disconnection between both environmental research on material decay and the practical aspects of designing preventive conservation measurements.RESCUhE Project (Improving structural RESilience of Cultural HEritage to directional extreme hydro-meteorological events in the context of the Climate Change) is a coordinated IGME-UAM research project funded by Spanish Government (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).Peer reviewe

Estudio ultraestructural y enzimático de los simbiontes liquénicos : aspectos microclimáticos y relaciones talo-sustrato

En esta tesis se ha pretendido ahondar en el conocimiento de los simbiontes liquenicos, investigando a diferentes niveles: ultraestructural, anatómico y bioquímico, lo que ha aportado nuevos datos que permiten comprender mejor el funcionamiento de la simbiosis liquenica en condiciones naturales. Para poder estudiar la influencia del microclima sobre los líquenes, el trabajo se ha centrado en las especies lasallia hispanica, parmelia omphalodes y cornicularia normoerica, de dos zonas con caracteristicas microclimaticas muy diferentes y de forma simultanea a la recoleccion se ha realizado el seguimiento de ciertos parametros microclimaticos. Se han encontrado diferencias ultraestructurales, fisiológicas y anatómicas en relación a variaciones microclimaticas y estacionales. Para tratar de clarificar los citados cambios se han llevado a cabo experimentos bajo condiciones controladas (ciclos hidratación- deshidratación, estudios de adquisición de co2). Por ultimo se ha estudiado las relaciones de los líquenes con el sustrato sobre el que se asientan y con otros organismos litobiontico

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales: investigación multidisciplinar de la naturaleza en un escenario de crisis medioambiental

Desde sus orígenes, el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales ha tenido como misión principal el estudio de la diversidad natural y los procesos evolutivos y geomorfológicos que la originan y mantienen. Por ello, en el actual escenario de crisis medioambiental, su investigación está centrada en reconocer y entender los procesos que están afectando a esta diversidad, en especial aquellos en los que la actividad humana tiene un papel determinante. Desde aproximaciones multidisciplinares basadas en líneas de investigación interconectadas, este centro de investigación tiene el potencial para evaluar efectos del cambio climático y la acción humana de forma integradora, contribuyendo así a la búsqueda de soluciones sostenibles para frenar o prevenir sus consecuencias. Esta capacidad de asesoramiento, junto con su alta internacionalidad y producción científica, así como su papel clave como salvaguarda de colecciones naturales y núcleo de divulgación y difusión científica, lo convierten en un centro de referencia internacional en el estudio de la historia natura

Bioalteración de calcarenitas en clima semiárido: el puente viejo de Elche

Una biocolonización importante por líquenes y hongos no liquenizados sobre calcarenitas se desarrolló en menos de 40 años en un medio semiárido en zonas favorables de retención de humedad en los elementos decorativos del Puente Viejo de Elche (España), especialmente en la capilla dedicada a Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. Dicha biocolonización presenta un patrón, relacionado con las características textoestructurales de la roca, especialmente con la porosidad interpartícula, que se expone en este trabajo. Los talos liquénicos están muy estrechamente unidos a la piedra y las hifas del micobionte que penetran en ella ejercen una importante función promotora de disgregación granular

Endless forms most frustrating: disentangling species boundaries in the Ramalina decipiens group (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), with the description of six new species and a key to the group

Oceanic islands have been recognized as natural laboratories in which to study a great variety of evolutionary processes. One such process is evolutionary radiations, the diversification of a single ancestor into a number of species that inhabit different environments and differ in the traits that allow them to exploit those environments. The factors that drive evolutionary radiations have been studied for decades in charismatic organisms such as birds or lizards, but are lacking in lichen-forming fungi, despite recent reports of some lineages showing diversification patterns congruent with radiation. Here we propose the Ramalina decipiens group as a model system in which to carry out such studies. This group is currently thought to be comprised of five saxicolous species, all of them endemic to the Macaronesian region (the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary and Cape Verde islands). Three species are single-island endemics (a rare geographic distribution pattern in lichens), whereas two are widespread and show extreme morphological variation. The latter are suspected to harbor unrecognized species-level lineages. In order to use the Ramalina decipiens group as a model system it is necessary to resolve the group's phylogeny and to clarify its species boundaries. In this study we attempt to do so following an integrative taxonomy approach. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on six molecular markers, four of which are newly developed and generated competing species hypotheses based on molecular (species discovery strategies based on both single locus and multilocus datasets) and phenotypic data (unsupervised clustering algorithms based on morphology, secondary chemistry and geographic origin). We found that taxonomic diversity in the Ramalina decipiens group has been highly underestimated in previous studies. In consequence, we describe six new species, most of them single-island endemics and provide a key to the group. Phylogenetic relationships among species have been reconstructed with almost full support which, coupled with the endemic character of the group, makes it an excellent system for the study of island radiations in lichen-forming fungi

The teaching/learning content for developing the reading skill at the first stage of basic education

Diplomdarbā tiek aplūkots mācību saturs lasītprasmes attīstīšanai pamatizglītības pirmajā posmā. Lasāmie teksti ir latviešu valodas apguves avots un vienlaicīgi arī iespēja apgūt apkārtējo pasauli. Diplomdarba mērķis ir pētīt un analizēt mācību saturu lasītprasmes attīstīšanai pamatizglītības pirmajā posmā, izstrādāt ieteikumus darba pilnveidošanai. Diplomdarbam ir trīs daļas. 1. daļā analizēta lasītprasmes būtības skaidrojums dažādās teorijās. Otrajā daļā analizēts latviešu valodas mācību saturs skolēna lasītprasmes attīstībai. Trešajā daļā apkopota pieredze, kas gūta analizējot praksi, kā arī piedāvāti ieteikumi lasītprasmes pilnveidošanai. Diplomdarba nobeigumā ir secinājumi un izmantoto avotu sarakstsThe Present Diploma Paper discusses the teaching /learning content for developing the reading skill at the first stage of basic education. The reading texts are the source of the Latvian language learning. The students learn wealth of the native language as well as develop reading skill using the language of communication. The aim of the Diploma Paper is to investigate and analyse the learning content for developing the reading skill at the first stage of basic education, to produce suggestions of the work development. The Diploma Paper contains three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the analysis of various theories of essence of the reading skill. The second chapter analyses the development of the Latvian language content of student’s reading skill. The third chapter deals with the experience of analyzing the practice as well as suggestions of the development of reading skill are provided. The conclusions and bibliography are given at the end of the Diploma Paper

Eukarya associated with the stony coral Oculina patagonica from the Mediterranean Sea

Oculina patagonica is a putative alien scleractinian coral from the Southwest Atlantic that inhabits across the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we have addressed the diversity of Eukarya associated with this coral and its changes related to the environmental conditions and coral status. A total of 46 colonies of O. patagonica were taken from Alicante coast (Spain) and Pietra Ligure coast (Italy) and analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the small-subunit 18S rRNA and 16S plastid rRNA genes, internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS 2) analyses, and electron microscopy. Our results show that Eukarya and plastid community associated to O. patagonica change with environmental conditions and coral status. Cryptic species, which can be difficult to identify by optical methods, were distinguished by 18S rRNA gene DGGE: the barnacle Megatrema anglicum, which was detected at two locations, and two boring sponges related to Cliona sp. and Siphonodictyon coralliphagum detected in samples from Tabarca and Alicante Harbour, respectively. Eukaryotic phototrophic community from the skeletal matrix of healthy corals was dominated by Ochrosphaera sp. while bleached corals from the Harbour and Tabarca were associated to different uncultured phototrophic organism. Differences in ultrastructural morphologies of the zooxanthellae between healthy and bleached corals were observed. Nevertheless, no differences were found in Symbiodinium community among time, environments, coral status and location, showing that O. patagonica hosted only one genotype of Symbiodinium belonging to clade B2. The fact that this clade has not been previously detected in other Mediterranean corals and is more frequent in the tropical Western Atlantic, is a new evidence that O. patagonica is an alien species in the Mediterranean Sea.We are grateful to the University of Alicante for awarding a predoctorate grant to ERP. This work was funded by projects CTM2012-38222-C02-02 (to AdlRM) and CGL2012-39627-C03-01 (to JA) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, which were also co-financed with FEDER support from the European Union (EU)