Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada

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Teorías de la metáfora: ¿relación o propiedad?

Este artículo intenta una primera aproximación a un programa ambicioso, a saber: explorar estructuralmente las diversas teorías de la metáfora en términos de la oposición relación-propiedad. Esta perspectiva arroja como resultado una provisoria clasificación (gradualista) entre teorías relacionales y teorías propietales. Dada la indiscutida importancia histórica y analítica de las primeras, nos hemos concentrado en este trabajo en algunos ejemplos emblemáticos: las perspectivas aristotélica, interaccionista y cognitiva. Brindamos una justificación breve de la comprensión de las mismas como relacionales y una descripción sucinta de las respuestas que, cada una de ellas, ofrecen a dos desafíos fundamentales: la identificación del dominio de la relación metafórica y los rasgos que esta relación exhibe en cada caso. El enriquecimiento producido por tal exploración conceptual no depende de si el mapa finalmente resultante es bidimensional (relacional/propietal) o unidimensional (relacional); la tesis de este trabajo pues no es tanto ofrecer una respuesta definitiva a la interrogante del título, cuanto evidenciar el alto potencial heurístico de dicha pregunta

Structure and Dynamics of Large-Scale Cognitive Networks in Huntington's Disease

Altres ajuts: La Marató de TV3 (20142910).Background: Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by clinical alterations in the motor, behavioral, and cognitive domains. However, the structure and disruptions to large-scale brain cognitive networks have not yet been established. Objective: We aimed to profile changes in large-scale cognitive networks in premanifest and symptomatic patients with Huntington's disease. Methods: We prospectively recruited premanifest and symptomatic Huntington's disease mutation carriers as well as healthy controls. Clinical and sociodemographic data were obtained from all participants, and resting-state functional connectivity data, using both time-averaged and dynamic functional connectivity, was acquired from whole-brain and cognitively oriented brain parcellations. Results: A total of 64 gene mutation carriers and 23 healthy controls were included; 21 patients with Huntington's disease were classified as premanifest and 43 as symptomatic Huntington's disease. Compared with healthy controls, patients with Huntington's disease showed decreased network connectivity within the posterior hubs of the default-mode network and the medial prefrontal cortex, changes that correlated with cognitive (t = 2.25, P = 0.01) and disease burden scores (t = −2.42, P = 0.009). The salience network showed decreased functional connectivity between insular and supramarginal cortices and also correlated with cognitive (t = 2.11, P = 0.02) and disease burden scores (t = −2.35, P = 0.01). Dynamic analyses showed that network variability was decreased for default-central executive networks, a feature already present in premanifest mutation carriers (dynamic factor 8, P = 0.02). Conclusions: Huntington's disease shows an early and widespread disruption of large-scale cognitive networks. Importantly, these changes are related to cognitive and disease burden scores, and novel dynamic functional analyses uncovered subtler network changes even in the premanifest stages

Test-retest and minimal detectable change in the assessment of muscle strength and muscle power in upper and lower extremity exercises in 9- to 14-year-old children

The prescription of maximal dynamic strength training in both adults and children is based on the evaluation of maximum strength, usually by one-repetition maximum tests (1RM). This study examined the test-retest reliability and the minimal detectable change (MDC) of the maximal force test and muscle power test. Forty-eight children (9–14 years old) completed two test–retest sessions that involved a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test and a muscle power test for leg extension (LE) and seated bench press (SBP). The MDC values of the 1RM test in the LE and SBP tests ranged from 7.35 to 11.34 kg and 6.84 to 7.92 kg, respectively. The MDC values of the muscle power test in the LE and SBP ranged from 30.32 to 63.20 Watt and 22.65 to 29.53 Watt, respectively. In children 9 to 14 years old, the increase of maximum strength along the growth curve was different in each muscle group studied. The repeatability of the 1RM test of the SBP was excellent (ICC 0.974) and was better than that of the LE (ICC, 0.954). The MDC of the 1RM test evaluation was 19.56% in the LE and 12.93% in the SBP.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

How to Handle the Bioethical Dilemmas?-A Scoping Review With Paradigmatic Cases-Based Analysis

Copyright © 2020 Alpuim Costa, Nobre, de Almeida, Ferreira, Gonçalves, Braga and Pais.Ethical issues that arise during the care of a pregnant woman with cancer are challenging to physicians, policymakers, lawyers, and the bioethics community. The main purpose of this scoping review is to summarize existing literature regarding the bioethical dilemmas when a conflict arises in the maternal-fetus dyad, like the one related to cancer and pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, we illustrate the decision-making process of real-life case reports. Published data were searched through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as in grey literature, using appropriate controlled keywords in English and Portuguese. After identification, screening, eligibility and data extraction from the articles, a total of 50 was selected. There are several established ethical frameworks for conflict resolution and decision-making. Pragmatic theoretical approaches include case-based analysis, the ethics of care, feminist theory, and traditional ethical principlism that scrutinizes the framework of autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. In addition, society and practitioner values could mediate this complex ethical interplay. The physician must balance autonomy and beneficence-based obligations to the pregnant woman with cancer, along with beneficence-based obligations to the fetus. Ethical challenges have received less attention in the literature, particularly before the third trimester of pregnancy. Best, unbiased and balanced information must be granted both to the patient and to the family, regarding the benefits and harms for the woman herself as well as for the fetal outcome. Based on a previously validated method for analyzing and working up clinical ethical problems, we suggest an adaptation of an algorithm for biomedical decision-making in cancer during pregnancy, including recommendations that can facilitate counseling and help reduce the suffering of the patient and her family.publishersversionpublishe

Prediction of the potential distribution of Drosophila suzukii on Madeira Island using the maximum entropy modeling.

ABSTRACT: Drosophila suzukii is one of the main pests that attack soft-skinned fruits and cause significant economic damage worldwide. Madeira Island (Portugal) is already affected by this pest. The present work aimed to investigate the potential distribution of D. suzukii on Madeira Island to better understand the limits of its geographical distribution on the island using the Maximum Entropy modeling (MaxEnt). The resultant model provided by MaxEnt was rated as regular discrimination with the area under the curve (AUC, 0.7–0.8). Upon scrutinizing the environmental variables with the greatest impact on the distribution of D. suzukii, altitude emerged as the dominant contributor, with the highest percentage (71.2%). Additionally, elevations ranging from 0 to 500 m were identified as appropriate for the species distribution. With the results of the model, it becomes possible to understand/predict which locations will be most suitable for the establishment of the analyzed pest and could be further applied not only for D. suzukii but also for other species that hold the potential for substantial economic losses in this insular region.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Seleção de atributos contábeis na previsão de insolvência de empresas brasileiras – Uma comparação de abordagens

Insolvency prediction has been a topic of study that has gained much attention in business analysis because of the importance of accurate and timely information on strategic business decisions. This is because the incorrect decision-making in institutions can generate financial difficulties besides causing huge social costs that affect the owners or shareholders, managers, employees, creditors, suppliers, customers, community, government, etc. As a result, bankruptcy prediction has been one of the most challenging tasks and an important research topic in accounting, finance and computer science and data mining techniques have been applied to solve problems in bankruptcy prediction. The selection of attributes is important to select the most representative data from a set of accounting ratios derived from financial statements of Brazilian companies; this step aims to improve the performance of the final prediction step. The main objective of this paper is to compare three approaches to feature selection, viz. Filter, wrapper and principal component analysis, in data selected for the development of insolvency prediction models. This research is of an empirical, descriptive and quantitative nature, comprising companies classified at SERASA and BOVESPA as insolvent in the period of 2005-2007. This work demonstrated, for the sample used, that the wrapper approach is the most effective one; it obtained the best classification results in the techniques of logistic regression (89,88%), decision tree (93,45%) and support vector machine (97,02%).Keywords: selection of attributes, insolvency prediction, accounting ratios, data mining.Previsão de insolvência tem sido um tema de estudo que tem ganho muita atenção em análise de negócios devido à importância de informações precisas e oportunas nas decisões estratégicas de negócios. Isto porque a incorreta tomada de decisão nas instituições pode gerar dificuldades financeiras, além de causar grandes custos sociais que afetam os proprietários ou acionistas, gestores, trabalhadores, credores, fornecedores, clientes, comunidade, governo, etc. Como resultado, a previsão de falência tem sido uma das tarefas mais desafiadoras e um tópico de pesquisa importante na contabilidade, finanças, computação, e as técnicas de mineração de dados têm sido aplicadas para resolver problemas de previsão de falências. Seleção de atributos é uma etapa importante para selecionar dados mais representativos de um conjunto de índices contábeis obtidos a partir de demonstrativos financeiros de empresas brasileiras; esta etapa visa melhorar o desempenho da previsão final. O objetivo principal deste artigo é comparar três abordagens de seleção de atributos, filtro, wrapper e análise de componentes principais, em dados selecionados para elaboração de modelos de previsão de insolvência. Esta pesquisa é de natureza empírica, descritiva e quantitativa, compreendendo as empresas classificadas no SERASA e na BOVESPA como insolventes no período de 2005 a 2007. Neste trabalho, demonstrou-se, para a amostra utilizada, que a abordagem wrapper é a mais eficiente; ela obteve os melhores resultados de classificação nas técnicas de regressão logística (89,88%), árvore de decisão (93,45%) e máquina de vetor suporte (97,02%).Palavras-chave: seleção de atributos, previsão de insolvência, índices contábeis, mineração de dados