Transforming growth factor beta-1 decreases the yield of the second meiotic division of rat pachytene spermatocytes in vitro

BACKGROUND: TGF beta and its receptors are present in both germ cells and somatic cells of the male gonad. However, knock-out strategies for studying spermatogenesis regulation by TGF beta have been disappointing since TGF beta-or TGF beta receptor-null mice do not survive longer than a few weeks. METHODS: In the present study, we addressed the role of TGF beta-1 on the completion of meiosis by rat pachytene spermatocytes (PS) cocultured with Sertoli cells. Identification and counting of meiotic cells were performed by cytology and cytometry. RESULTS: Under our culture conditions, some PS differentiated into round spermatids (RS). When TGF beta-1 was added to the culture medium, neither the number of PS or of secondary spermatocytes nor the half-life of RS was modified by the factor. By contrast, the number of RS and the amount of TP1 mRNA were lower in TGF beta-1-treated cultures than in control cultures. Very few metaphase I cells were ever observed both in control and TGF beta-1-treated wells. Higher numbers of metaphase II were present and their number was enhanced by TGF beta-1 treatment. A TGF beta-like bioactivity was detected in control culture media, the concentration of which increased with the time of culture. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that TGF beta-1 did not change greatly, if any, the yield of the first meiotic division but likely enhanced a bottleneck at the level of metaphase II. Taken together, our results suggest strongly that TGF beta participates in an auto/paracrine pathway of regulation of the meiotic differentiation of rat spermatocytes

Tapered Cross Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy Provides Insights into the Buried Interfaces of III‐V Semiconductor Devices

Interfaces are key elements that define electronic properties of the final device. Inevitably, most of the active interfaces of III–V semiconductor devices are buried and it is therefore not straightforward to characterize them. The Tapered Cross Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy (TCS‐PES) approach is promising to address such a challenge. That the TCS‐PES can be used to study the relevant heterojunction in epitaxial III–V architectures prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated here. A MULTIPREP polishing system that enables controlling the angle between the sample holder and the polishing plate has been employed to improve the reproducibility of the polishing procedure. With this procedure, that preparing the TCS of III–V semiconductor devices with tapering angles lower than 0.02° is possible is demonstrated. The PES provides then information about the buried interfaces of Ge|GaInP and GaAs|GaInP layer stacks. Both, chemical and electronic properties have been measured by PES. It evidences that the preparation of the TCSs under an uncontrolled atmosphere modifies the pristine properties of the critical buried heterointerfaces. Surface states and reaction layers are created on the TCS surface, which restrict unambiguous conclusions on buried interface energetics

Ideal and actual involvement of community pharmacists in health promotion and prevention: a cross-sectional study in Quebec, Canada

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An increased interest is observed in broadening community pharmacists' role in public health. To date, little information has been gathered in Canada on community pharmacists' perceptions of their role in health promotion and prevention; however, such data are essential to the development of public-health programs in community pharmacy. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted to explore the perceptions of community pharmacists in urban and semi-urban areas regarding their ideal and actual levels of involvement in providing health-promotion and prevention services and the barriers to such involvement.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using a five-step modified Dillman's tailored design method, a questionnaire with 28 multiple-choice or open-ended questions (11 pages plus a cover letter) was mailed to a random sample of 1,250 pharmacists out of 1,887 community pharmacists practicing in Montreal (Quebec, Canada) and surrounding areas. It included questions on pharmacists' ideal level of involvement in providing health-promotion and preventive services; which services were actually offered in their pharmacy, the employees involved, the frequency, and duration of the services; the barriers to the provision of these services in community pharmacy; their opinion regarding the most appropriate health professionals to provide them; and the characteristics of pharmacists, pharmacies and their clientele.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In all, 571 out of 1,234 (46.3%) eligible community pharmacists completed and returned the questionnaire. Most believed they should be very involved in health promotion and prevention, particularly in smoking cessation (84.3%); screening for hypertension (81.8%), diabetes (76.0%) and dyslipidemia (56.9%); and sexual health (61.7% to 89.1%); however, fewer respondents reported actually being very involved in providing such services (5.7% [lifestyle, including smoking cessation], 44.5%, 34.8%, 6.5% and 19.3%, respectively). The main barriers to the provision of these services in current practice were lack of: time (86.1%), coordination with other health care professionals (61.1%), staff or resources (57.2%), financial compensation (50.8%), and clinical tools (45.5%).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although community pharmacists think they should play a significant role in health promotion and prevention, they recognize a wide gap between their ideal and actual levels of involvement. The efficient integration of primary-care pharmacists and pharmacies into public health cannot be envisioned without addressing important organizational barriers.</p

Search for top-down and bottom-up drivers of latitudinal trends in insect herbivory in oak trees in Europe

International audienceAim: The strength of species interactions is traditionally expected to increase toward the Equator. However, recent studies have reported opposite or inconsistent latitudinal trends in the bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) forces driving herbivory. In addition, these forces have rarely been studied together thus limiting previous attempts to understand the effect of large-scale climatic gradients on herbivory. Location: Europe. Time period: 2018–2019. Major taxa studied: Quercus robur. Methods: We simultaneously tested for latitudinal variation in plant–herbivore–natural enemy interactions. We further investigated the underlying climatic factors associated with variation in herbivory, leaf chemistry and attack rates in Quercus robur across its complete latitudinal range in Europe. We quantified insect leaf damage and the incidence of specialist herbivores as well as leaf chemistry and bird attack rates on dummy caterpillars on 261 oak trees. Results: Climatic factors rather than latitude per se were the best predictors of the large-scale (geographical) variation in the incidence of gall-inducers and leaf-miners as well as in leaf nutritional content. However, leaf damage, plant chemical defences (leaf phenolics) and bird attack rates were not influenced by climatic factors or latitude. The incidence of leaf-miners increased with increasing concentrations of hydrolysable tannins, whereas the incidence of gall-inducers increased with increasing leaf soluble sugar concentration and decreased with increasing leaf C : N ratios and lignins. However, leaf traits and bird attack rates did not vary with leaf damage. Main conclusions: These findings help to refine our understanding of the bottom-up and top-down mechanisms driving geographical variation in plant–herbivore interactions, and indicate the need for further examination of the drivers of herbivory on trees

Cytostatic Factor Proteins Are Present in Male Meiotic Cells and β-Nerve Growth Factor Increases Mos Levels in Rat Late Spermatocytes

Background: In co-cultures of pachytene spermatocytes with Sertoli cells, beta-NGF regulates the second meiotic division by blocking secondary spermatocytes in metaphase (metaphase II), and thereby lowers round spermatid formation. In vertebrates, mature oocytes are arrested at metaphase II until fertilization, because of the presence of cytostatic factor (CSF) in their cytoplasm. By analogy, we hypothesized the presence of CSF in male germ cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show here, that Mos, Emi2, cyclin E and Cdk2, the four proteins of CSF, and their respective mRNAs, are present in male rat meiotic cells; this was assessed by using Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase PCR. We measured the relative cellular levels of Mos, Emi2, Cyclin E and Cdk2 in the meiotic cells by flow cytometry and found that the four proteins increased throughout the first meiotic prophase, reaching their highest levels in middle to late pachytene spermatocytes, then decreased following the meiotic divisions. In co-cultures of pachytene spermatocytes with Sertoli cells, beta-NGF increased the number of metaphases II, while enhancing Mos and Emi2 levels in middle to late pachytene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes in division and secondary spermatocytes. Conclusion/Significance: Our results suggest that CSF is not restricted to the oocyte. In addition, they reinforce the view that NGF, by enhancing Mos in late spermatocytes, is one of the intra-testicular factors which adjusts the number of round spermatids that can be supported by Sertoli cells

Potentially inappropriate prescriptions for older patients in long-term care

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate medication use is a major healthcare issue for the elderly population. This study explored the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) in long-term care in metropolitan Quebec. METHODS: A cross sectional chart review of 2,633 long-term care older patients of the Quebec City area was performed. An explicit criteria list for PIPs was developed based on the literature and validated by a modified Delphi method. Medication orders were reviewed to describe prescribing patterns and to determine the prevalence of PIPs. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of PIPs. RESULTS: Almost all residents (94.0%) were receiving one or more prescribed medication; on average patients had 4.8 prescribed medications. A majority (54.7%) of treated patients had a potentially inappropriate prescription (PIP). Most common PIPs were drug interactions (33.9% of treated patients), followed by potentially inappropriate duration (23.6%), potentially inappropriate medication (14.7%) and potentially inappropriate dosage (9.6%). PIPs were most frequent for medications of the central nervous system (10.8% of prescribed medication). The likelihood of PIP increased significantly as the number of drugs prescribed increased (odds ratio [OR]: 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33 – 1.43) and with the length of stay (OR: 1.78, CI: 1.43 – 2.20). On the other hand, the risk of receiving a PIP decreased with age. CONCLUSION: Potentially inappropriate prescribing is a serious problem in the highly medicated long-term care population in metropolitan Quebec. Use of explicit criteria lists may help identify the most critical issues and prioritize interventions to improve quality of care and patient safety

Search for top-down and bottom-up drivers of latitudinal trends in insect herbivory in oak trees in Europe

AimThe strength of species interactions is traditionally expected to increase toward the Equator. However, recent studies have reported opposite or inconsistent latitudinal trends in the bottom‐up (plant quality) and top‐down (natural enemies) forces driving herbivory. In addition, these forces have rarely been studied together thus limiting previous attempts to understand the effect of large‐scale climatic gradients on herbivory.LocationEurope.Time period2018–2019.Major taxa studiedQuercus robur.MethodsWe simultaneously tested for latitudinal variation in plant–herbivore–natural enemy interactions. We further investigated the underlying climatic factors associated with variation in herbivory, leaf chemistry and attack rates in Quercus robur across its complete latitudinal range in Europe. We quantified insect leaf damage and the incidence of specialist herbivores as well as leaf chemistry and bird attack rates on dummy caterpillars on 261 oak trees.ResultsClimatic factors rather than latitude per se were the best predictors of the large‐scale (geographical) variation in the incidence of gall‐inducers and leaf‐miners as well as in leaf nutritional content. However, leaf damage, plant chemical defences (leaf phenolics) and bird attack rates were not influenced by climatic factors or latitude. The incidence of leaf‐miners increased with increasing concentrations of hydrolysable tannins, whereas the incidence of gall‐inducers increased with increasing leaf soluble sugar concentration and decreased with increasing leaf C : N ratios and lignins. However, leaf traits and bird attack rates did not vary with leaf damage.Main conclusionsThese findings help to refine our understanding of the bottom‐up and top‐down mechanisms driving geographical variation in plant–herbivore interactions, and indicate the need for further examination of the drivers of herbivory on trees.</p

Interactions entre les chênes et la chenille processionnaire du chêne, Thaumetopoea processionea L. : de l’arbre à la forêt

Forest ecosystems provide a series of ecosystem services that can be threatened by pest insects. Maintaining forest health is therefore a major challenge of forest management that requires a sound understanding of tree-pest interactions. In this context, we investigated oak resistance (and its drivers) to a pest insect, the oak processionary moth (OPM), Thaumetopoea processionea.The OPM is a specialist herbivore feeding on oaks in Europe. It is responsible for significant defoliation, in addition to serious urtication in forest users and practitioners. Through a series of observations and experiments carried out at several levels of integration (from tree to forest stand levels), we investigated the response of this insect to various ecological factors involved in oak resistance: forest stand species composition, tree neighbourhood effects and leaf traits potentially associated with defence.Forest species composition has well documented effects on tree resistance to herbivores. For a given species, trees are generally less attacked in mixtures than in pure stands (i.e. associational resistance). But the opposite - associational susceptibility - also exists. We tested whether tree species diversity generated associational resistance to OPM, by comparing abundance and damage on the pedunculate (Quercus robur) and sessile oaks (Q. petraea) in pure and mixed stands. We also investigated the underlying mechanisms, by characterizing the leaf traits involved in the variability of OPM performance. Finally, we focused on the genetic and environmental causes of inter-individual variability in the expression of these traits.First, we found that Q. petraea was generally more susceptible to the OPM than Q. robur. Stands dominated by Q. petraea attracted more OPM moths, Q. petraea suffered more defoliation, and OPM larvae had greater survival and weight gain on this species. We also found greater susceptibility of both oak species in pure stands as compared to mixed stands, particularly those associating an oak with another non-host species. Second, we investigated the mechanisms conferring greater resistance to Q. robur and to mixed stands by quantifying leaf chemical and developmental traits involved in oak-OPM interactions. The synchronization between leaf development and larval development also appeared to be a key factor determining the OPM performance. The concentration of leaf chemical defences was positively correlated with OPM consumption rate, suggesting a compensatory feeding response to maintain OPM growth rate on well-defended leaves. Leaf traits involved in oak-OPM interactions were partially determined by the identity of oak neighbours. Third, we found evidence that OPM performance was partially under the genetic control of their host trees in Q. robur.Overall, these results built toward a better understanding of the processes involved in the effect of tree species mixture on the damage caused by pest insects and provide new avenues to guide oak stand management for improved resistance to OPM. Based on the results of this study, it would seem preferable to favour Q. robur in oak stands because it is less attractive and more resistant to OPM attacks, both in the field and in the laboratory. However, this statement goes against current recommendations to use Q. petraea to adapt the oak to the increased risk of water deficit and therefore adds to complexity of managing forests for resistance to multiple-interacting stresses.Les forêts fournissent de nombreux services écosystémiques qui peuvent être compromis par les insectes. Le maintien de la santé des forêts est un enjeu majeur de la gestion forestière qui nécessite l’acquisition de connaissances sur les interactions arbres-ravageurs. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la question de la résistance des chênes à un ravageur, la chenille processionnaire du chêne (CPC).La CPC est un herbivore spécialiste des chênes décidus en Europe. Elle est responsable de fortes défoliations, en plus de graves urtications chez les usagers de la forêt. Au travers d’une série d’observations et d’expériences menées à plusieurs niveaux d’intégration (de l’arbre jusqu’à la forêt), nous nous sommes intéressés à la réponse de la CPC à différents facteurs écologiques intervenant dans la résistance des arbres : la composition du peuplement, le voisinage et les traits foliaires liés à la défense.La résistance des arbres aux herbivores est influencée par la composition des forêts. Pour une espèce donnée, les arbres subissent en général moins d’attaques dans les mélanges que dans les peuplements purs (résistance par association). Nous avons testé l’effet des associations entre espèces d’arbres sur la résistance des chênes à la CPC, en comparant l’abondance des adultes et les dégâts des larves sur le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) et le chêne sessile (Q.petraea) dans des peuplements purs ou mélangés. Nous avons exploré les mécanismes sous-jacents, en recherchant les traits foliaires des chênes impliqués dans la variabilité des performances de la CPC. Enfin, nous nous sommes interrogés sur les causes génétiques et environnementales de la variabilité interindividuelle dans l’expression de ces traits.Premièrement, nous avons mis en évidence une plus grande susceptibilité de Q.petraea, caractérisée par une plus grande attractivité de Q.petraea pour les papillons de CPC, un niveau de défoliation plus élevé et une plus grande survie et prise de poids des larves sur cette essence. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence une plus grande susceptibilité des chênes dans les peuplements purs par rapport aux peuplements mélangés, en particulier ceux associant un chêne à une autre essence non hôte. Ensuite, nous avons étudié les mécanismes conférant une plus grande résistance à Q.robur et aux peuplements mélangés, en mesurant les traits foliaires (les défenses chimiques et la phénologie). La synchronisation entre le développement des feuilles et celui des larves est apparue comme un facteur clé déterminant les performances de la CPC. La concentration des défenses chimiques dans les feuilles était positivement corrélée au taux de consommation des feuilles par les chenilles, suggérant une compensation alimentaire pour maintenir la croissance sur les feuilles les plus défendues. Nous avons montré que l’expression de ces traits était influencée par l’identité des voisins. Enfin, chez Q.robur, nous avons montré l’existence d’un contrôle génétique de l’arbre sur les performances des chenilles.L’ensemble des résultats permet de mieux comprendre les processus impliqués dans l’effet du mélange d’essences sur les dégâts d’insectes et apporte des éléments permettant d’orienter la gestion des peuplements de chênes pour une meilleure résistance à la CPC. Au vu de ces résultats, il semblerait préférable de favoriser Q.robur pour sa moindre attractivité et sa plus grande résistance à la CPC. Cette proposition va toutefois à l’encontre des préconisations d’utilisation de Q.petraea pour adapter les chênaies au risque de déficit hydrique et ne fait que rajouter un élément de complexité à la gestion de la résistance des forêts face à des perturbations multiples en interaction. A l’aune de la mise en évidence de l’effet du génotype de l’arbre et de ses traits foliaires dans le développement de la CPC, la caractérisation des gènes et des molécules de défenses impliquées reste un champ de recherche quasi inexplorée, qu’il conviendra de défricher