The ubiquity of conservative translations

We study the notion of conservative translation between logics introduced by Feitosa and D'Ottaviano. We show that classical propositional logic (CPC) is universal in the sense that every finitary consequence relation over a countable set of formulas can be conservatively translated into CPC. The translation is computable if the consequence relation is decidable. More generally, we show that one can take instead of CPC a broad class of logics (extensions of a certain fragment of full Lambek calculus FL) including most nonclassical logics studied in the literature, hence in a sense, (almost) any two reasonable deductive systems can be conservatively translated into each other. We also provide some counterexamples, in particular the paraconsistent logic LP is not universal.Comment: 15 pages; to appear in Review of Symbolic Logi

O tradutor, o texto e o processo tradutório

Este texto traz reflexões a respeito do processo de tradução com fundamentos da Análise de Discurso. O que se almeja é prover argumentos contra o efeito da ilusão de transparência da linguagem sustentado por teorias estruturalistas de tradução e defender que o sujeito tradutor é também um leitor especial que, através da tradução, se torna autor de um texto de materialidade diferente ao que lhe deu origem

A abordagem interacionista para a aquisição de uma segunda língua: transformando a teoria na prática do professor/pesquisador

Este trabalho traz uma reflexão teórica a partir da abordagem interacionista para a aquisição da linguagem. Trataremos aqui da aquisição de segunda língua e de como o conhecimento das teorias em aquisição de L2 podem auxiliar o professor de língua estrangeira a compreender esse processo a fim de desenvolver perspectivas para um ensino mais eficaz

Modelos psicolinguísticos de reconhecimento de sons de fala: o lugar do acento lexical no acesso lexical de L1 e de L2

This work makes a critical contribution on speech sound recognition models, more specifically on the role (when it exists in such models) of word stress in both monolingual and bilingual cognitive systems in lexical access in continuous speech. We will argue that in many of the classic word recognition models the accent role is not foreseen, something that more recent models have tried to account for. However, we show that there is no model of representation, processing and recognition of bilingual speech that explains the role of word stress. We will show possible ways of how this implementation can be done, without, however, exhausting the possibilities. This work also intends to make a contribution to the psycholinguistics of bilingualism, since it brings a critical review of connectionist line models, trying to promote a debate between parties working in this line. We intend to present more discussions about the relation lexical accent and lexical access in future works that are being published in sequence, of which this work is a part.Este trabalho traz uma contribuição crítica sobre os modelos de reconhecimento de sons de fala, mais especificamente sobre o papel (quando existe em tais modelos) do acento de palavra tanto no sistema cognitivo tanto de monolíngues quanto de bilíngues no acesso lexical em fala contínua. Argumentaremos que em muitos dos modelos clássicos de reconhecimento de palavra não é previsto o papel do acento, coisa que modelos mais recentes têm tentado dar conta. Porém, evidenciamos que não há um modelo de representação, processamento e reconhecimento de fala bilingue que explique o papel do acento de palavra. Mostraremos possíveis caminhos de como essa implementação pode ser feita, sem, contudo, exaurir as possibilidades. Esse trabalho pretende também trazer uma contribuição para a psicolinguística do bilinguismo, uma vez que traz uma revisão crítica de modelos de linha conexionista, tentando promover um debate entre partes que trabalhem nessa linha. Pretendemos apresentar mais discussões sobre a relação acento lexical e acesso lexical em futuros trabalhos que estão sendo publicados em sequência, da qual este trabalho faz parte

Frequency as (dis)advantage to word stress acquisition

Theoretical and Experimental Linguistic

"Freshwater killer whales": beaching behavior of an alien fish to hunt land birds

The behavioral strategies developed by predators to capture and kill their prey are fascinating, notably for predators that forage for prey at, or beyond, the boundaries of their ecosystem. We report here the occurrence of a beaching behavior used by an alien and large-bodied freshwater predatory fish (Silurus glanis) to capture birds on land (i.e. pigeons, Columbia livia). Among a total of 45 beaching behaviors observed and filmed, 28% were successful in bird capture. Stable isotope analyses (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of predators and their putative prey revealed a highly variable dietary contribution of land birds among individuals. Since this extreme behavior has not been reported in the native range of the species, our results suggest that some individuals in introduced predator populations may adapt their behavior to forage on novel prey in new environments, leading to behavioral and trophic specialization to actively cross the water-land interface

Reply to Itin, Obukhov and Hehl paper "An Electric Charge has no Screw Sense - A Comment on the Twist-Free Formulation of Electrodynamics by da Rocha & Rodrigues"

In this note we briefly comment a paper by Itin, Obukhov and Hehl criticising our previous paper. We show that all remarks by our critics are ill conceived or irrelevant to our approach and moreover we provide some pertinent new comments to their critical paper, with the aim to clarify even more our view on the subject.Comment: This paper is a reply to arXiv:0911.5175 [physics.class-ph] which made some criticisms on our paper "Pair and Impar, Even and Odd Form Fields and Electromagnetism" arXiv:0811.1713 [math-ph] to appear in Annalen der Physik. A short version of our reply will also appear in Annalen de Physi

Phytoplankton-bacterial interactions mediate micronutrient colimitation at the coastal Antarctic sea ice edge

Southern Ocean primary productivity plays a key role in global ocean biogeochemistry and climate. At the Southern Ocean sea ice edge in coastal McMurdo Sound, we observed simultaneous cobalamin and iron limitation of surface water phytoplankton communities in late Austral summer. Cobalamin is produced only by bacteria and archaea, suggesting phytoplankton-bacterial interactions must play a role in this limitation. To characterize these interactions and investigate the molecular basis of multiple nutrient limitation, we examined transitions in global gene expression over short time scales, induced by shifts in micronutrient availability. Diatoms, the dominant primary producers, exhibited transcriptional patterns indicative of co-occurring iron and cobalamin deprivation. The major contributor to cobalamin biosynthesis gene expression was a gammaproteobacterial population, Oceanospirillaceae ASP10-02a. This group also contributed significantly to metagenomic cobalamin biosynthesis gene abundance throughout Southern Ocean surface waters. Oceanospirillaceae ASP10-02a displayed elevated expression of organic matter acquisition and cell surface attachment-related genes, consistent with a mutualistic relationship in which they are dependent on phytoplankton growth to fuel cobalamin production. Separate bacterial groups, including Methylophaga, appeared to rely on phytoplankton for carbon and energy sources, but displayed gene expression patterns consistent with iron and cobalamin deprivation. This suggests they also compete with phytoplankton and are important cobalamin consumers. Expression patterns of siderophore-related genes offer evidence for bacterial influences on iron availability as well. The nature and degree of this episodic colimitation appear to be mediated by a series of phytoplankton-bacterial interactions in both positive and negative feedback loops

Seasonal variations and other changes in the geographical distributions of different cytospecies of the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Togo and Benin

Simulium damnosum s.l., the most important vector of onchocerciasis in Africa, is a complex of sibling species described on the basis of differences in their larval polytene chromosomes. These (cyto) species differ in their geographical distributions, ecologies and epidemiological roles. In Togo and Benin, distributional changes have been recorded as a consequence of vector control and environmental changes (e.g. creation of dams, deforestation), with potential epidemiological consequences. We review the distribution of cytospecies in Togo and Benin and report changes observed from 1975 to 2018. The elimination of the Djodji form of S. sanctipauli in south-western Togo in 1988 seems to have had no long-term effects on the distribution of the other cytospecies, despite an initial surge by S. yahense. Although we report a general tendency for long-term stability in most cytospecies’ distributions, we also assess how the cytospecies’ geographical distributions have fluctuated and how they vary with the seasons. In addition to seasonal expansions of geographical ranges by all species except S. yahense, there are seasonal variations in the relative abundances of cytospecies within a year. In the lower Mono river, the Beffa form of S. soubrense predominates in the dry season but is replaced as the dominant taxon in the rainy season by S. damnosum s.str. Deforestation was previously implicated in an increase of savanna cytospecies in southern Togo (1975–1997), but our data had little power to support (or refute) suggestions of a continuing increase, partly because of a lack of recent sampling. In contrast, the construction of dams and other environmental changes including climate change seem to be leading to decreases in the populations of S. damnosum s.l. in Togo and Benin. If so, combined with the disappearance of the Djodji form of S. sanctipauli, a potent vector, plus historic vector control actions and community directed treatments with ivermectin, onchocerciasis transmission in Togo and Benin is much reduced compared with the situation in 1975

Solving high school timetabling problems worldwide using selection hyper-heuristics

High school timetabling is one of those recurring NP-hard real-world combinatorial optimisation problems that has to be dealt with by many educational institutions periodically, and so has been of interest to practitioners and researchers. Solving a high school timetabling problem requires scheduling of resources and events into time slots subject to a set of constraints. Recently, an international competition, referred to as ITC 2011 was organised to determine the state-of-the-art approach for high school timetabling. The problem instances, obtained from eight different countries across the world used in this competition became a benchmark for further research in the field. Selection hyper-heuristics are general-purpose improvement methodologies that control/mix a given set of low level heuristics during the search process. In this study, we evaluate the performance of a range of selection hyper-heuristics combining different reusable components for high school timetabling. The empirical results show the success of the approach which embeds an adaptive great-deluge move acceptance method on the ITC 2011 benchmark instances. This selection hyper-heuristic ranks the second among the previously proposed approaches including the ones competed at ITC 2011