Diagnostico de la produccion de frijol en la Provincia de Chota, Departamento de Cajamarca, Peru, 1985

The results of a survey conducted among 140 small bean producers in the province of Chota (Cajamarca, Peru) to characterize regional bean production and to provide technical recommendations are presented. Data were collected on crop rotations, planting dates and methods, soil preparation, seed sources, var., cultural practices, marketing, labor, and other resources. The av. bean yield in the region is only 180 kg/ha. Farmers believe that drought, diseases, and the lack of capital are the main factors limiting bean production, while researchers point at plant density, diseases, and soil fertility. The technical solutions proposed for bean production improvement include the use of improved var., changes in planting systems, and the use of chemical inputs. Socioeconomic studies parallel to on-farm agronomic trials are recommended. (CIAT)Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta adelantada entre 140 pequenos productores de frijol en la provincia de Chota (Cajamarca, Peru) para caracterizar la produccion de frijol en la region y suministrar recomendaciones tecnicas. Se colectaron datos sobre rotaciones de cultivo, fechas y metodos de siembra, preparacion del suelo, fuentes de semilla, var., practicas culturales, mercadeo, mano de obra y otros recursos. El rendimiento prom. en la region es de solo 180 kg/ha. Los agricultores consideran que la sequia, las enfermedades y la falta de capital son los principales factores que limitan la produccion de frijol, en tanto que los investigadores consideran que las principales limitaciones son la densidad de plantas, las enfermedades y la fertilidad del suelo. Las soluciones tecnicas propuestas para el mejoramiento de la produccion de frijol incluyen el uso de var. mejoradas, cambios en los sistemas de siembra y el uso de insumos quimicos. Se recomienda adelantar estudios socioeconomicos en forma paralela a los ensayos agronomicos a nivel de finca. (CIAT

Tendency to Maximum Complexity in a Non-Equilibrium Isolated System

The time evolution equations of a simplified isolated ideal gas, the "tetrahe- dral" gas, are derived. The dynamical behavior of the LMC complexity [R. Lopez-Ruiz, H. L. Mancini, and X. Calbet, Phys. Lett. A 209, 321 (1995)] is studied in this system. In general, it is shown that the complexity remains within the bounds of minimum and maximum complexity. We find that there are certain restrictions when the isolated "tetrahedral" gas evolves towards equilibrium. In addition to the well-known increase in entropy, the quantity called disequilibrium decreases monotonically with time. Furthermore, the trajectories of the system in phase space approach the maximum complexity.Comment: 22 pages, 0 figures. Published in Phys. Rev. E 63, 066116(9) (2001

Thermal networks considering graph theory and thermodynamics

Heat transfer in solids may be dealt with the heat equation, which is a partial differential equation, from which different analytical solutions for the study of heat transfer throughout solids and at their surfaces may be found. This implies the resolution of a distributed parameter model. On the other hand, the possibility of considering the thermal-electrical analogy is usually assumed, this being based mainly on the similarity between Ohm’s and Fourier’s laws under the assumption that the different variables used in electrical networks may be regarded as analogues to the thermal network variables. This implies the use of a lumped parameter model, which may be represented as a system of differential and algebraic equations (DAE) linked to the graphical representation of the thermal network. In this latter case the limitations of such analogy for describing heat flow should be taken into account. Therefore, it would be important to consider thermal networks independently of the thermal-electrical analogy. For this, thermal networks may be built as particular cases of directed graphs, within graph theory, since thermal networks may have physical meaning without the electrical analogy. The interpretation of a graph as a thermal network may directly use physical principles of heat and thermodynamics. This enables us to propose an alternative to the use of the electrical analogy, since electrical networks are only a particular application of graph theory consistent with electromagnetic laws which are not analogous to thermodynamic laws. Furthermore, the construction and the use of thermal networks for analysing heat transfer problems may be simplified from this perspective.Papers presented to the 12th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Costa de Sol, Spain on 11-13 July 2016

Pd-(L)1 inhibitors as monotherapy for the first-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with high pd-l1 expression : A network meta-analysis

Altres ajuts: RocheProgrammed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a potential biomarker for selec-tion of patients more likely to respond to immunotherapy and as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this network meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of first-line anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients with high PD-L1 expression (≥50%) compared to platinum-based chemotherapy. We also evaluated efficacy outcomes according to tumor mutational burden (TMB). To that end, we conducted a systematic review. Six clinical trials with 2111 patients were included. In head-to-head comparisons, immunotherapy showed a significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS: HRpooled = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52-0.90, p = 0.007), overall survival (OS: HRpooled = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61-0.78; p < 0.001) and overall response rate (ORR) (Risk ratio (RR)pooled = 1.354, 95% CI: 1.04-1.762, p = 0.024). In the assessment of relative efficacy for PFS through indirect comparisons, pembrolizumab (results from KEYNOTE-024) ranked highest followed by cemiplimab and atezolizumab, with statistical significance determined for some of the drugs. In terms of OS, cemiplimab ranked highest followed by atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, although non-significant OS was determined for these drugs. In conclusion, PD-(L)1 inhibitor mon-otherapy improves efficacy outcomes in the first line setting of advanced NSCLC patients with high PD-L1 expression. Evaluations with longer follow up are still needed to determine the superiority of any specific drug

Search For Trapped Antihydrogen

We present the results of an experiment to search for trapped antihydrogen atoms with the ALPHA antihydrogen trap at the CERN Antiproton Decelerator. Sensitive diagnostics of the temperatures, sizes, and densities of the trapped antiproton and positron plasmas have been developed, which in turn permitted development of techniques to precisely and reproducibly control the initial experimental parameters. The use of a position-sensitive annihilation vertex detector, together with the capability of controllably quenching the superconducting magnetic minimum trap, enabled us to carry out a high-sensitivity and low-background search for trapped synthesised antihydrogen atoms. We aim to identify the annihilations of antihydrogen atoms held for at least 130 ms in the trap before being released over ~30 ms. After a three-week experimental run in 2009 involving mixing of 10^7 antiprotons with 1.3 10^9 positrons to produce 6 10^5 antihydrogen atoms, we have identified six antiproton annihilation events that are consistent with the release of trapped antihydrogen. The cosmic ray background, estimated to contribute 0.14 counts, is incompatible with this observation at a significance of 5.6 sigma. Extensive simulations predict that an alternative source of annihilations, the escape of mirror-trapped antiprotons, is highly unlikely, though this possibility has not yet been ruled out experimentally.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way

This chapter presents a review of observational studies to determine the magnetic field in the Milky Way, both in the disk and in the halo, focused on recent developments and on magnetic fields in the diffuse interstellar medium. I discuss some terminology which is confusingly or inconsistently used and try to summarize current status of our knowledge on magnetic field configurations and strengths in the Milky Way. Although many open questions still exist, more and more conclusions can be drawn on the large-scale and small-scale components of the Galactic magnetic field. The chapter is concluded with a brief outlook to observational projects in the near future.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, to appear in "Magnetic Fields in Diffuse Media", eds. E.M. de Gouveia Dal Pino and A. Lazaria

Patterns of psychological responses among the public during the early phase of COVID-19: A cross-regional analysis

This study aimed to compare the mediation of psychological flexibility, prosociality and coping in the impacts of illness perceptions toward COVID-19 on mental health among seven regions. Convenience sampled online survey was conducted between April and June 2020 from 9130 citizens in 21 countries. Illness perceptions toward COVID-19, psychological flexibility, prosociality, coping and mental health, socio-demographics, lockdown-related variables and COVID-19 status were assessed. Results showed that psychological flexibility was the only significant mediator in the relationship between illness perceptions toward COVID-19 and mental health across all regions (all ps = 0.001–0.021). Seeking social support was the significant mediator across subgroups (all ps range = <0.001–0.005) except from the Hong Kong sample (p = 0.06) and the North and South American sample (p = 0.53). No mediation was found for problem-solving (except from the Northern European sample, p = 0.009). Prosociality was the significant mediator in the Hong Kong sample (p =0.016) and the Eastern European sample (p = 0.008). These findings indicate that fostering psychological flexibility may help to mitigate the adverse mental impacts of COVID-19 across regions. Roles of seeking social support, problem-solving and prosociality vary across regions. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in sNN=5\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region

Two-particle angular correlations are studied in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5$TeV, collected with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on data recorded in two beam configurations, in which either the direction of the proton or that of the lead ion is analysed. The correlations are measured in the laboratory system as a function of relative pseudorapidity, $\Delta\eta$, and relative azimuthal angle, $\Delta\phi$, for events in different classes of event activity and for different bins of particle transverse momentum. In high-activity events a long-range correlation on the near side, $\Delta\phi \approx 0$, is observed in the pseudorapidity range $2.0<\eta<4.9$. This measurement of long-range correlations on the near side in proton-lead collisions extends previous observations into the forward region up to $\eta=4.9$. The correlation increases with growing event activity and is found to be more pronounced in the direction of the lead beam. However, the correlation in the direction of the lead and proton beams are found to be compatible when comparing events with similar absolute activity in the direction analysed.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcbproject.web.cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/LHCbProjectPublic/LHCb-PAPER-2015-040.htm