Evaluating seawater quality objectives: Application to the Andalusian littoral

The University of Cadiz (southern Spain) and the Andalusian Environmental Agency (AMA) have signed an agreement to draw up a proposal of quality objectives for Andalusian littoral waters in accordance with the classification of zones approved in the Andalusian Littoral Waters Quality Objectives Regulations (Decree 14/1996, 01-16-1996, BOJA no. 19, 02-08-1996). The present paper reviews different regulations (European Union, Spain and the United States) concerning seawater quality criteria and presents the quality criteria proposed by the University of Cadiz.La Universidad de Cádiz y la Agencia de Medio Ambiente Andaluza (AMA) han desarrollado un convenio cuya finalidad es la realización de una propuesta de objetivos de calidad para las aguas litorales andaluzas según la clasificación de zonas establecida en el Decreto 14/1996, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de Calidad de las Aguas Litorales Andaluzas (BOJA n.° 19 de 8 de febrero de 1996). En este trabajo se hace una revisión de la normativa referente a los objetivos de calidad de las aguas marinas en la Unión Europea, España y Estados Unidos. Además, se recoge la propuesta de objetivos de calidad de aguas litorales realizada por la Universidad de Cádiz.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Small Wind Turbine Emulator Based on Lambda-Cp Curves Obtained under Real Operating Conditions

[EN] This paper proposes a new on-site technique for the experimental characterization of small wind systems by emulating the behavior of a wind tunnel facility. Due to the high cost and complexity of these facilities, many manufacturers of small wind systems do not have a well knowledge of the characteristic lambda-Cp curve of their turbines. Therefore, power electronics converters connected to the wind generator are usually programmed with speed/power control curves that do not optimize the power generation. The characteristic lambda-Cp curves obtained through the proposed method will help manufacturers to obtain optimized speed/power control curves. In addition, a low cost small wind emulator has been designed. Programmed with the experimental lambda-Cp curve, it can validate, improve, and develop new control algorithms to maximize the energy generation. The emulator is completed with a new graphic user interface that monitors in real time both the value of the lambda-Cp coordinate and the operating point on the 3D working surface generated with the characteristic lambda-Cp curve obtained from the real small wind system. The proposed method has been applied to a small wind turbine commercial model. The experimental results demonstrate that the point of operation obtained with the emulator is always located on the 3D surface, at the same coordinates (rotor speed/wind speed/power) as the ones obtained experimentally, validating the designed emulator.Martínez-Márquez, CI.; Twizere-Bakunda, JD.; Lundbäck-Mompó, D.; Orts-Grau, S.; Gimeno Sales, FJ.; Segui-Chilet, S. (2019). Small Wind Turbine Emulator Based on Lambda-Cp Curves Obtained under Real Operating Conditions. Energies. 12(13):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132456S1171213Nichita, C., Luca, D., Dakyo, B., & Ceanga, E. (2002). Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 17(4), 523-529. doi:10.1109/tec.2002.805216Pillay, P., & Krishnan, R. (1988). Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 35(4), 537-541. doi:10.1109/41.9176Tanvir, A., Merabet, A., & Beguenane, R. (2015). Real-Time Control of Active and Reactive Power for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-Based Wind Energy Conversion System. Energies, 8(9), 10389-10408. doi:10.3390/en80910389Martinez, F., Herrero, L. C., & de Pablo, S. (2014). Open loop wind turbine emulator. Renewable Energy, 63, 212-221. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.09.019Castelló, J., Espí, J. M., & García-Gil, R. (2016). Development details and performance assessment of a Wind Turbine Emulator. Renewable Energy, 86, 848-857. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.010Kojabadi, H. M., Chang, L., & Boutot, T. (2004). Development of a Novel Wind Turbine Simulator for Wind Energy Conversion Systems Using an Inverter-Controlled Induction Motor. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 19(3), 547-552. doi:10.1109/tec.2004.832070Choy, Y.-D., Han, B.-M., Lee, J.-Y., & Jang, G.-S. (2011). Real-Time Hardware Simulator for Grid-Tied PMSG Wind Power System. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 6(3), 375-383. doi:10.5370/jeet.2011.6.3.375Wasynczuk, O., Man, D. T., & Sullivan, J. P. (1981). Dynamic Behavior of a Class of Wind Turbine Generators during Random Wind Fluctuations. IEEE Power Engineering Review, PER-1(6), 47-48. doi:10.1109/mper.1981.5511593Dai, J., Liu, D., Wen, L., & Long, X. (2016). Research on power coefficient of wind turbines based on SCADA data. Renewable Energy, 86, 206-215. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.02

New Strategy for a Suitable Fast Stabilization of the Biomethanization Performance

The start-up strategies for thermophilic anaerobic reactors usually consist of an initial mesophilic stage (35 • C), with an approximate duration of 185 days, and a subsequent thermophilic stage (55 • C), which normally requires around 60 days to achieve the system stabilizatio. During the first 8-10 days of the mesophilic stage, the reactor is not fed so that the inoculum, which is generally a mesophilic anaerobic sludge, may be adapted to the organic solid waste. Between mesophilic and thermophilic conditions the reactor is still not fed in an effort to prevent possible imbalances in the proces. As a consequence, the start-up and stabilization of the biomethanization performance described in the literature require, at least, around 245 days. In this sense, a new strategy for the start-up and stabilization phases is presented in this study. This approach allows an important reduction in the overall time necessary for these stages in an anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated at thermophilicdry conditions for treating the organic fraction of the municipal solid waste (OFMSW): 60 days versus 245 days of conventional strategies. The new strategy uses modified SEBAC technology to adapt an inoculum to the OFMSW and the operational conditions prior to seeding the CSTR

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Dilution and autodepuration processes in a coastal system affected by urban wastewater discharges: Case study of the Iro River estuary (southwestern Spain)

Dilution and autodepuration processes in an estuary of strong tidal regimen affected by sewage from a wastewater treatment plant have been studied and identified. To differentiate between both processes, three evaluations were made during different seasons. Two tests were developed in parallel during each evaluation: characterization of the estuary and microcosm trials. In both tests, the evolution of diverse microbiological and physicochemical parameters were examined. From the microbiological results, T90 for the faecal coliform (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) bacterial groups were obtained. In the estuary, dilution was identified as the most important microorganism reduction process, with T90 of 12.2–40.8 and 11.7–53.5 minutes for FC and FS, respectively. In the microcosm trials, salinity was the main autodepuration factor, with T90 of 3.1–42.6 and 4.6–54.8 hours for FC and FS, respectively. The FC group proved to be the most sensitive bacteria to autodepuration processes and FS the most adaptable to the adverse conditions of the aquatic environment

New Strategy for a Suitable Fast Stabilization of the Biomethanization Performance

The start-up strategies for thermophilic anaerobic reactors usually consist of an initial mesophilic stage (35°C), with an approximate duration of 185 days, and a subsequent thermophilic stage (55°C), which normally requires around 60 days to achieve the system stabilizatio. During the first 8–10 days of the mesophilic stage, the reactor is not fed so that the inoculum, which is generally a mesophilic anaerobic sludge, may be adapted to the organic solid waste. Between mesophilic and thermophilic conditions the reactor is still not fed in an effort to prevent possible imbalances in the proces. As a consequence, the start-up and stabilization of the biomethanization performance described in the literature require, at least, around 245 days. In this sense, a new strategy for the start-up and stabilization phases is presented in this study. This approach allows an important reduction in the overall time necessary for these stages in an anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated at thermophilic-dry conditions for treating the organic fraction of the municipal solid waste (OFMSW): 60 days versus 245 days of conventional strategies. The new strategy uses modified SEBAC technology to adapt an inoculum to the OFMSW and the operational conditions prior to seeding the CSTR